3U "^ FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. FLORA SOUTHERN UNITED STATES: CONTAINING AN ABRIDGED DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF TENNESSEE, NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, MlSSISSn^PI, AND FLORIDA: ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM. BT A. W. CHAPMAN, M. D. THE FERNS BY PROF. DANIEL C. EATON. r^BVS YORK BOTANIC A! SECOND EDITION. _ HARDEN NEW YORK: IVISON, BLAKEMAN, & COMPANY 1889. Copyright, 5t a. W. Chapman, 1883. University Press John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. CO CNI tfEW YORK PREFACE. When the first edition of this work was issued, some portions of the countiy embraced within the limits assigned to it were imperfectly investigated or wholly unexplored. But the discoveries in Southern botany made during the last few years by Feay, Garber, Cnrtiss, and others, of tropical forms on the peninsula and keys of Florida, by Dr. Gattinger of Northern forms which extend into Ten- nessee and the mountains of North Carolina, and by cor- respondents from other States, have become, so numerous that a new edition of the Southern Flora is required to embrace them. In this edition I have concluded to incorporate these additions in the form of a Supplement to the first edition, avoiding any material alterations in it. And now, since the different sections of all the States which are included in the limits embraced by this work have been pretty thoroughly explored, and future acqui- sitions will, probably, be comparatively few in number, the time seems to have arrived when the promise pro- visionally made in the Preface to the first edition may be * at least partially fulfilled. VI PREFACE. It is my intention, therefore, to commence the prepara- tion of a final edition, which shall include in their proper place all the acquisitions made to our Flora since the publication of the first edition, with the changes in no- menclature introduced during that time ; and I invite a continuance of the co-operation and assistance of all who are interested in the successful prosecution of the work. Apalachicola, Florida, December 26, 1882. CONTENTS. PAOE Introduction ix Sketch of the Elements of Botant . . . . ix Glossary of Botanical Terms xviii Abbreviations of the Names of Authors . . . xxv Signs used in this Work xxvi Directions to the Student xxvii Artificial Analysis of the Natural Orders . . xxix FLORA. — Ph^nogamous or Flowering Plants ... 1 Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants . . 585 Supplement 603 Index 675 Index to Supplement 695 INTRODUCTION. I. SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 1. Vegetable Tissue. 1. Plants are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant are readily transmitted. 2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or Vessels and Ducts, 3. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and coliering by their contiguous surfaces. 4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles. 6. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, cither in the form of continuous tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of these, the walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands ; while in others they are lined with spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. Tlie latter are called Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers. 6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants; viz Orr/ans of Vegetation, consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting of the Flower and Fruit. fi. TUe Root. 7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down- ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets. 8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy piece ; fascicled or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a common centre ; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled with starchy matter ; and fibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like. X INTRODUCTION. 9. But roots under favorable circumstances are developed from other parts of the plant. These are called Secondary Roots. 10. Aerial Roots are those which spring from the stem or branches above ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, they proceed from the lower joints of the stem; in others, as the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of some climbing stems are also of this class. 11. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, of which the Tillandsia and Epidendram are ex- amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or branches of trees, but draw their nourishment from the air. 12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on other plants; but their roots, pene- trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the tiunk or branches ; others, like the Beech-drop, upon the root. 3. Tbe Stem. 13. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows up- ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be stemless or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground. 14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by naked joints, or Internodes. The growing points, which are protected by reduced leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are terminal, when they ter- minate the axis ; axillary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves ; that is, from the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adventi- tious, when they are developed from any other part. 15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch- ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- ions of the branches are called branchlds. 16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm. 17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Caiidex. 18. A Rhizonn, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the;, ground, or beneath its surface, developing anniuilly a bud at the apex, while the older portion decays. 19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) in their axils. 20. A Corn is a solid globular subtciTanean stem, filled with starchy matter, with a bud at the apex and roots below. 21. A Bulb is a short subterranean stem, made up of the thickened bases of leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicnted or coated, when the scales are large and wrapped one within the other ; and scaly, when these are small and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are borne in the axil of the leaves of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Bulhlets. 22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the earth, strikes root, and fomis a new plant. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XI 23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of leaves at its extremity 24. Spines, or Thorns, are impeifectly developed, leafless branches, with hard tips. 25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert- ed into tendrils. 26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, lasting from year to year, when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees. 4r. Internal Structure of Stems. 27. The stems of Phasnogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of tlie latter are founded the two divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants. 28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external covering, called the Bark; and a middle portion, called the Wood. 29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral vessels, termed the Medullar)/ Sheath. 30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medulluri/ rays, and annually increased, in all perennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood. 31. The Bark, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in which the new layers of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the Epidermis, or Cuticle. 32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but are com[X)sed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem. 5. Tile IJeaves. 33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed fi-bm axillary and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con- verted into the proper food of the plant. 34. In the bud, they arc folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is termed their Vernation. XU INTRODUCTION. 35. A complete leaf comprises the Blade, the Stalk, and a pair of Stipules; hut tlyjse three parts are not always present in one leaf. 36. The Blade, Limb, or Lamina, is the expanded part, and presents a great variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a single piece, however cut or divided ; and compound, when of two or more distinct pieces (leajiets), which separate by a joint. 37. The Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. When it is wanting, the leaf is said to bo sessile. The stalk of a leaflet is called a Petiolule. 38. The Stipules are appendages of various forms, placed one on each side at the base of the petiole. They are separate, or else united with the petiole, or with each other, when they occasionally form a sheath (Ochrea) around the stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Stipels. 39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called Venation. 40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. parallel-veined, or nerved, when several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; and reticulated, or netted-veined, when the veins divide into numerous primary and secondary branches [veinl.ets), which again unite to fonn a kind of network. 41. The latter mode embraces both the pinnatcly veined, or feather-veined leaf, where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving ofi" at in- tervals lateral veins ; and the palmately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at the apex into three or more strong branches. 42. The manner ia which leaves are divided corresponds with that of their venation. 43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatifid, when the incisions (sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of tlie petiole; and pinnately divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- nately veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the sepai-ate leaflets an-anged on each side of the common petiole. When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequallj pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly pinnate. 44. So, also, the palmately veined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, when the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. When the divis- ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound. 4.5. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers are developed, are called Bracts; and those which are borne on the flower-stalk, Bracthts. 6. The Flover. 46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which are concerned in the production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its parts are a modification, it is developed from an axillary or terminal bud. 47. The manner in which the flowers are arranged on the stem or branches is termed the Inflorescence. 48. There are two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the iiuhfinite, or centripetal, where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud ; and the definite, or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the main axis, and successively from that of the branches. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XIU 49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, they are said to be axillary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less obvious cluster, eacii arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract. 50. The stalk, of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the Peduncle; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape; and that of each indi- vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rachis. 51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Ament, Spadix, Raceme Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications. 52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts. 53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and Willow. 54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers home on a thick and fleshy rachis. It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Spathe, as in the Indian Turnip. 55 The Raceme presents the elongated rachis of the spike, but the flowers are raised on pedicels. 56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones. 57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets. 58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and the preceding are collectively termed the Involucre, and those of the umbellets, tlie Involucel. 59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle. 60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, downward, or from the centre, outward. 61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and one or more central organs, called the Pistils. Tliese are inserted on the apex of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle. 62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect flowers, always present. 63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, which are distinct, or united by their margins. When the floral envelopes con- sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx. b XIV INTRODUCTION. 64. The Corolla is usually of a thinner texture than the calyx, and variously co.ored. Its leaves (Petals), when of the same number as the sepals, always alternate with them. They are also often united by their contiguous margins, to form a monopetalous corolla. 65. When the calyx and corolla are so nearly alike as not to be readily dis- tinguished, they are collectively termed the Perianth. 66. A flower is complete when all its parts are present ; incomplete, when the floral envelopes, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the stamens and pistils are borne in the same flower ; imperfect, or diclinous, when they are bome in separate flowers ; regular, when the sepals or petals are of unifurm shape and size; and irregular, when they are unlike in shape or size. 67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into jnoncccious, when those fur- nished with stamens (staminate or sterile flowers) and those furnished with pistils (pistillate or fertile flowers) are borne on the same plant; diacious, when they are borne on separate plants ; and polgcjamous, when both perfect and imperfect flow- ers are borne on the same or different individuals. 68. The manner in wliich the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with respect to each other in the bud is termed their ^'Estivation. They are valvcUe, when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping : induplicate, when these project inwardly ; reduplicate, wlien they project outwardly ; imbricated, when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of tlie one next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after it ; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise. 7. The Stameus. 69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called the Filament, by which it is supported. 70. They are hypogynous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous, when on the calyx ; epigynous, when on the ovary ; epipetalous, when on the co- rolla; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also, often combined with each other, either into one set (monadelphous) , or into two, three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphous. Sec). 71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, wliich open in various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The part which connects the cells is the Connective. 72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex of the filament ; adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by tlie middle to the apex of the filaments on which it turns as on a pivot: introrse, when it faces inwardly toward the j>istils ; and extrorse, when it faces outwardly toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube (syngencsious). 73. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the Disk. 8. The Pistils. 74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover its surface. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XV 75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ocary, the Style, and the Stigma. 76. Tlie Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- diments of seeds. 77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- ports the stigma. 78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting, of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis. 79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but, oftener, it is compound, consisting of two or more carpels, united by their margins, or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil into as many cells as there are carpels. 80. The line next the axis, or which corresponds to the united margins of a folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture; and that which corresponds to the mid- rib, the Dorsal Suture. 81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules; and the line of their attachment is called the Placenta. This is central or a.vile, when it occupies the centre of the pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls. 82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. Tiie outer sac is tenned the Primine, and the inner one the Secundine. The point wliere these parts unite is called the Chalaza. 83. The Ovule is orthotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and tiie apex at the opposite extremity ; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to which it adheres ; the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe. 9. The Fruit- Si. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter- ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of false partitions, or by various clianges effected in its walls, or in the parts which surround them. 8.5. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed; in others, they open, or are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, called Valves. 86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only the following are in general use. 87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only ; as the fruit of the Milkweed. 88. A Legume is a simple fruit opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam- ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Loment. 89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidal: XVi INTRODUCTION. and septicidal, when it opens at the ventral suture, or through the partitions. When it opens transversely, the upper portion falling off entire, Uke a lid, the dehiscence is circumscissiie. 90. A Silkjue is a slender two-valved capsule, with two parietal placentae con- nected by a persistent false partition. A short and broad silique is a Silicle. These are peculiar to the Mustard Family. 91. A Pepo is the fleshy indehiscent fruit of the Gourd Family, with the seeds often embedded in the pulpy phicentaj. 92. A Pome is the indehiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the cells are enclosed in the enlarged and fleshy tube of the calyx. 93. A Berri/ is an indehiscent fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft pulp. 94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Puta- men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp ; as the Peach, Holly, &c. 95. An Achenium is a small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, the walls of which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. When these are closely united, it becomes a Cari/opsis ; or when the walls are thin and bladder-like, and open irregularly, a Utricle. 96. A Nut is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with hard or bony walls ; as the Acorn and Hickory-nut. 97. A Samara is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing ; as that of the Maple and Elm. 98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile. 10. The Seed. 99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Embnjo, or the rudiment of a future plant. The outer coat, or Mecjument, is called the Testa. It varies greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the entire seed, or form a tuft (Coma) at one or both extremities. 100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the Mi- crppyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. The scar left on the seed by the separation of the cord is the Hihim. It is sometimes enveloped in a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla- centa. This is called the Aril. 101. The Testa mcludes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive substance, called the Albumen. 102. The Embryo consists of the Radicle, the Plumide, and the Cotyledons. 103. The Radicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud [Plumule), to form the stem. It is inferior when it ijoints to the base of the pericarp, and su- perior when it points to its summit. 104. The Cotyledons arc the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whori), while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called dicotyledonous, and the latter monocolyledonous. 105. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and moisture, it develops into a growing plant. This is termed Germination. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XVH 106. The preceding considerations refer solely to Phsenogamous Plants, or those which bear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds, which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant. 107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place of seeds they produce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed 11. Crjirptogamons or Flotverless Plants. 108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as those of PhiBnogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point- growers. 109 The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained in the body of the work, and need not be enumerated here. 13. Classification. 110. Classification consists in the arranging of plants possessing like structure, habits, &c., into groups, designating them by proper names, and defining them by appropriate characters. 111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics when propagated from seed, is termed a Species. But circumstances connected with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary state, and it then becomes a Variety. 112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied species, the result is a Hybrid. 113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap- pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into Classes. 114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi- ate divisions of Subgenera, Suborders, and Subclasses. 11.5. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System of Linnaeus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. 116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num- ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other relationship In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid- eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost universal use, and is the one adopted in this worL n. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. *#* The numbers annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the paragraphs of the preceding Sltetch ; but those preceded by " Flora, p." refer to the pages of the Flora. Abortive : not fully developed. Abruptly pinnate, 43. Accumbent : Flora, p. 24. Achenium, 95. Achlamydeous : without floral envelopes. Acrogens: Flora, p. 585. Acuminate : tapei-ing into a slender point. Acute : pointed. Adherent : growing fast to another body. Adnafe: same as Adherent. Adnate Anthers, 72. Aerial Roots, 10. Estivation, 68. Air-Plants, 11. Aggregate: crowded together. Albumen, 101. Alburnum, 30. Alternate: scattered; one after another. Alveolate : deeply pitted. Ament, 53. Amentaceous : bearing aments. Amphiti-opous, 83. Anatropous, 83. Androgynous : containing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Angiospermfe : Flora, p. 1. Annual: lasting only one year. Annular: disposed in, or forming, a ring or circle. Anterior: applied to that part of an axil- lary flower which is farthest removed from the main axis. Anther, 71. Apetalous; without petals. Apiculate : tipped with a short abrupt point. Appendage: something added to a part. Appressed : lying near to ; pressed against. Aquatic: growing in water. Arborescent: tree-like Areolation : spaces between the leaf- veins. Aril, 100. Arilled: covered with an aril. Armed: furnished with thorns, prickles, &c. Articulated: divided into joints; connect- ed by a joint. Ascending: ) curving outward and up- Assurgent: ) ward. Attenuated: gradually narrowed. Auriculate: eared; bearing small lateral lobes. Awl-shaped : narrow and sharp-pointed. Awn: a rigid bristle-like appendage. Awned: bearing an awn. Axil : the point where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem. Axillary: borne in the axil. Axis: the central line of a body; the part around which others grow. Baccate: beiTy-like; juicy. Barbed: bearing rigid points which are directed backward. Bark, 31. Basal : belonging to the base. Beaked: ending in a stout point. Bearded: bearing tufts or lines of hairs. Bell-shaped: expanding from a short and rounded base, into a spi-eading border. Ben-y, 93. Bideiitate: two-toothed. Biennial: lasting two vears. Bifid : two-cleft. Bifoliolate: bearing two leaflets. Biglandular : bearing two glands. Bilabiate: two-lipped. Bipinnate : twice pinnate. Bitemate: twice temate. Bladders: small sacs filled with air. Blade : the expanded portion of a leaf, Sec. Boat-shaped : see Carinate. Brachiate : with pairs of opposite branches spreading at right angles. Bract, 45. Bracted : furni.shed with bracts. Bractlet, 45. Bristle : a rigid hair. Bristly: beset with, or like, bristles. Brush-shaped: divided at the apex into numerous hairs or filaments. Bud, 14 Bulb, 21. Bulbous : shaped like a bulb. Bulblet, 21. GLOSSARY. Caducous : falling away early. Ccespitose : growing in a tuft. Callous : thickened. Calyx, 63. Cambium, 31. Campauulate : see Bell shaped. Campylotropou'5, 83. CapiUarv': hair-like. Capsule,- 89. Capsular: relating to, or with the char- acters of a capsule. Carinate: keeled; bearing on the back a sharp longitudinal ridge. Cariopsis, 95. Carpel: a single pistil, or one of the parts of a compound pistil. Carpellary: pertaining to a carpel. Carpophore: Flora, p. 157. Cartilaginous: hard and tough. Canincle: an appendage of tlic Iiiluni. Caudate: tailed. Caudex, 17. Caulescent: furnished with a stem. Cauline: pertaining to the s-cm. Cell : one of the cavities of the f.niit or of the anther, &c. Celled: divided into cells. Cellular Tissue, 3. Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48. Centripetal Inflorescence, 48. Chaff: thin scales or bi-acts. Chaffy: furnished witli chaff, or of the texture of chaff. Chalaza. 82. Channelled : with a deep longitudinal furrow. Character: a phrase employed to distin- guish a genus, &c. from all others. Chartaceous : of the texture of paper. Chlorophyll : the green matter of leaves, &c. Ciliate: fringed with a row of hairs Circinate: rolled inward at the apex. Circumscissile, 89. Cirrhose: bearing tendrils; tendril-like. Clasping: enclosing by its base, as a leaf the stem. Clavate : club-shaped. Claw: the stalk of a petal. Clawed : raised o:i a claw. Climbing: clinging to other objects for support. Club-shaped : terete and gradually thick- * ened upward. Clustered: crowded. Coated Bulb, 21. Cobwebby : bearing fine loose hairs. Cochleate: coiled like a snail-shell. Coherent: growing together. Column: the axis of a compound pistil; the united stamens of the JIallow Fam- ily; the united stamens and pistil of the Orchis Family. Commissure: Flora, p. 157. Comose : hearing a coma, 99. Compound: composed of similar simple parts, 3e. Compressed : flattened. Cone: the scaly fruit of the Pine. Confluent: nmning together. Conglomerate : heaped together. Conical : cone-shaped. Connate: growing together at the base, as opposite leaves around the stem. Connective, 71. Connivent: brought near together. Continuous: iu one piece; not jointed. Contorted: twisted; bent. Contorted iEstivation: see Convolute. Contracted: naiTOwed; not spreading. Convolute, 68. Cordate : heart-shaped. Coriaceous : of the texture of leather. Comi, 20. Corneous : haixl like horn. Corniculate : bearing a horn or spur. Corolla, 64. Coiymb, 56. Corymbose : branched like a corymb : arranged in corymbs. Costate: rilibed. Cotyledons, 104. Creeping: prostrate, and rooting. Crenate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by rounded teeth. Crenulate: slightly crenate. Crested: bearing an elevated ridge. Crown: an appendage of the corolla at the base of the limb. Crowned : bearing anything at the apex. Cruciform: shaped like a cross. Crustaceous : hard and brittle, like a shell. Cryptogamous Plants. 107. Cucullate: see Hooded. Culm, 16. Cuneate : wedge-shaped. Cvip-shaped: shaped like a bowl or cup. Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp point. Cuticle 31. Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal thickness. Cyme, 60. Cymose : arranged in a cyme. Decandrous : having ten stamens. Deciduous: falling off at, or before, the close of the season. Declining: leaning to one side. Decompound : several times divided. Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at the summit. Decurrent : with the edges extending be- low the main point of attachment. Definite: few; a number easily counted. Definite Inflorescence, 48. Deflexed : bent downward. Dehiscence: the manner in which closed organs regularly open. Dehiscent : opening regularly. Deltoid : triangular. Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge separated by coarse and spreading teeth. Denticulate : slightly toothed. INTRODUCTION. Depressed : flattened horizontally. Descending: directed downward. Diadelphous: collected in two sets. Diandrous: having two stamens. Dichlamydeous: having both calyx and corolla. Dichotomous: forked. Diclinous, 66. Dicotyledonous: having two cotyledons. Diilymous: twin. Didynanious: having four stamens, with two of them longer than the others. Diffuse: loosely spreading. Digitate : when the apex of the petiole bears five or more leaflets. Dimorphous: of two forms. Direcious, 67. Discoid: Flora, p. 184. Disk, 73. Also the central part of the head of composite flowers. Dissected: divided into many lobes. Distichous : two-ranked ; placed on oppo- site sides of the axis. Distinct: separate. Divaricate: widely spreading. Divided: parted nearly to the base. Dorsal: pertaining to back or outside. Dorsal Suture, 80. Downy: bearing soft short hairs. Dinipe, 94. Drupaceous : with the characters of a drupe. Duramen, .30. Dwarf: below the common size. Eared: see Auriculate. Echinate: beset with prickles. Elliptical : in outline twice as long as wide, broadest in the middle, and rounded at each end. Elongated: unusually long; extended. Emarginate : notched at the apex. Embryo, 102. Emersed : raised out of water. Endocarp : the inner layer of the pericarp. Endogenous (stems), 32. Enneandrous: having nine stamens. EnsifoiTn : sword-shaped. Entire: with margins not toothed or di- vided. Epigj'nous, 70. Epiphytes, 11. Equilateral : equal-sided. Equitant (leaves): two-ranked, with their bases clasped one within the other, and their sides fticing the horizon. Erose: with the margin irregularly scal- loped, as if gnawed. Evergreen : lasting through the winter. Exogenous, 28. Exserted : protiiiding out of the surround- ing parts. Exstipulate: without stipules. Extrorse Anthers, 72. Falcate : scythe-shaped. Family, 113. Fan-shaped: folded or plaited like a fan. Farinaceous : mealy. Fascicle : a cluster. Fascicled: collected in a cluster. Fastigiate : rising to the same level ; flat- topped. Feather-veined, 41. Female (flo\vers): bearing only pistils. Ferniginous : of the color of iron-rust. Fertile: bearing fruit. Fibre, 4. Fibrous Roots, 8. Fiddle-shaped : oblong in outline, and contracted in the middle. Filament, 69. Any thread-like part. Filamentose : bearing or composed of threads. Filifonn : thread-like. Fimbriate : with the margin cut into a fringe. Fistulous : hollow. Fleshy: soft and juicy. Flexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in- ward. Floating: resting on the surface of the water. Floccose : bearing tufts of deciduous hairs. Flora : a systematic description of the plants of a country. Floral : belonging to the flowers. Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster. Flower, 61. Flowering Plants, 106. Flowerless Plants, 107. Foliaceous: leaf-like. Foliolate: bearing leaflets. Follicle, 87. Follicular: like a follicle. Forked : divided into two branches. Fi-ee: separate; disconnected. Fringed : see Ciliate. Frond : the leaf of a Fern. Fi-uctification : the fi-uiting state. Emit, 84. Frutescent: shrubby. Fugacious : continuing for a short time. Fulvous: tawny. Funiculus, 82. " Funnel-shaped : gradually dilated upward from a tubular base. Furrowed : grooved lengthwise. Fusiform : .spindle-shaped ; broadest in the middle, and tapering at each end. Geminate: by pairs. Geniculate : bent abniptly. Genus, 113. Germination, 10.5 Gibbous: pufl^ed out. Glabrous : free from roughness, or hairs. Glands : small knobs or excrescences. Glandular: bearing glands. Glaucous : covered with a minute whitish powder. Globose: ) i t, • i Globular: }''°""'^'*Ph«"«'»l- Glomerate : collected in a close cluster. GLOSSARY. Glumaceous ; glume-like, or bearing glumes. Glumes : the scale-like bracts, &c. of grasses and sedges. Granular: covered with grains. Gymnospermous Plants: Flora, p. 431. Gynandrous, 70. Habit : the general appearance of a plant. Habitat: the native situation of a plant. Hairs : hair-like appendages of the cuticle. Hairy: furnished with hairs. Hastate or Halberd-shaped : dilated at the base into two spreading lobes. Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the base. Heptandrous : having seven stamens. Herb, 26. Herbaceous, 26 ; of the color and texture of a leaf. Herbarium : a collection of dried plants. Hihxm, 100. Hirsute: beset with coarse hairs. Hispid: beset with rigid hairs. Hoary: grayish-white. Homogeneous : uniform in substance. Hooded : rolled inward or arched. Horn: an appendage like a honi. Horny: of the texture of horn. Hyaline : thin and nearly transparent. Hybrid, 112. Hypogynous, 70. Imbricated, 68. Imperfect (flowers), 66. Incised: cut into notches or lobes. Included : enclosed ; opposed to Exserted. Incumbent: Flora, p. 24. Incurved: bending inward. Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted. Indefinite Inflorescence, 48. Indehiscent: not opening. Indigenous: native to a countrj'. Induplicate: folded inward. Indusium: Flora, p. 5S6. Inferior: below, 103. Inflated: puffed out, as if distended with air. Inflexed: bent inward. Inflorescence, 47. Innate (anther), 72. Inserted on : used in the sense of growing from a part Insertion : the mode of attachment. Internodes, 14. Interrupted: not continuous; not jointed. Interruptedly pinnate: with smaller leaf- lets between the larger ones. Intervals: Flora, p. 157 Introrse (anthers), 72. Introduced: brought from another coun- try. Inverted : turned upside down. Involucel, .58. Involucre, 58. Involute: with the margins rolled inward. Irregular (flowers), 66. Jointed : separating across into piec«s ; furnished with joints. Keel : a sharp longitudinal ridge on the back of an organ; Flora, p. 86. Keeled: see Carinate. Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the width greater than the length. Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or- chis Family. Labiate : divided into an upper and lower lobe or lip. Laciniate : divided into irregular lobes. Lamellate: formed of thin plates. Lamina: the blade of a leaf, &c. Lanceolate : lance-shaped. Lanuginous: woolly. Lateral: placed at, or pertaining to the side. Leaf, 33. Leaflet, 36. Leathery: see Coriaceous. Legume, 88. Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. Liber, 31. Ligulate: strap-shaped. Ligula: Flora, p. 545. Limb: the expanded part of a leaf, &c. Linear : long and narrow, with parallel margins. Lip: see Labellum and Labiate. Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body. Loculicidal, 89. Lunate : crescent-shaped. Lyrate: pinnatifid, with the upper lobes enlarged. Marginal : home on, or pertaining to, the edge or margin. Medullarv Ravs, 30. Medullary Sheath, 29. Membranous : of the texture of mem- brane. Mericarp: Flora, p. 157. Micropyle, 100. Midrib: the prolongation of the petiole through the limb of a leaf. Monadeiphous, 70. Monandrous : bearing one stamen. Moniliform: bearing short joints; like a string of beads. Monochlamj'^deous : bearing oiUy one row of floral envelopes. , Monocotyledonous, 104. Monoecious, 67. Monopetalous : with the petals united into one piece. Monosepalous : with the sepals imited into one piece. Mucronate : tipped with an abrupt slen- der point. Muricate : beset with hard wart-like points. Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- ing freely by seed. INTRODUCTION. Necklace-shaped: see Moniliform. Nectary : any honey-bearing part. Nerved (leaves), 40. Netted-vehied, 40. Neutral (flowers): without stamens and pistils. Nodding : turning outward or downward. Nodes, 14. Nodose: knotty. Nut, 96. Nutlet: same as Achenium. Ohcordate : inversely heart-shaped. Oblanceolate: inversely lance-sliaped. Oblique: unequal-sided. Oblong: narrower than Elliptical, with nearly parallel margins. Obovate: egg-shaped, witli the narrow- end downward. Obtuse : blunt ; not pointed. Ochrea, 38. Octanilrous: having eight stamens. One-sided: borne one side of the axis. Opaque: dull. Opposite : placed directly against each other, as leaves on the stem; placed before, as stamens before the petals. Orbicular: circular. Organs, 6. Orthotropous, 83. Oval: same as Elliptical. Ovary, 76. Ovate: egg-shaped. Ovoid: a solid with an oval outline. Ovule, 76. Palate : a ])roniinenee at the throat of some bilabiate fiowers. Palea: Flora, p. 545. Palmate: hand-shaped; when the lobes or divisions spread from a common centre. Palmately-veined, 41. Panicle, 59. I'apery: of the texture of paper. Papilionaceous (flower): Flora, p. 86 Papillose : studded with minute wart-like prominences. Pappus: the limb of the calyx of com- posite flowers. Parallel-veined, 40. Parasitical : supported and nom-ished by other plants. Parietal, 81. Parted : divided nearly to the base. Partial: pertaining to the parts of a com- pound organ. Pectinate : cut into fine parallel lobes. Pedate: nearly as palmate, but with the lateral lobes divided. Pedicel. 50. Pedicellcd: raised on a pedicel. Peduncle, 50. Peduncled : raised on a peduncle. Peltate : fixed to the stalk at a point within the margins. Pendent: hanging, drooping. Pendulous: somewhat drooping. Penicillate: see Brush-shaped. Pentandrous : having five stamens. Pepo, 91. Perennial : lasting from year to year. Perfect Flowers, 66. Perfoliate : growing around the stem. Perianth, 65. Pericarp : the walls of the fruit. Perigynium : Flora, p. 532. Perigynous, 70. Persistent : remaining late, as opposed to deciduous. Personate : bearing a palate. Petal, 64. Petaloid : petal-like ; colored like a petal. Petiole: the stalk of a leaf. Petioled: borne on a petiole. Petiolule: the stalk of a letiflet. Petiolulate: raised on a petiolule. Phcenogamous Plants, 106. Pilose: beset with stiff straight hairs. Pinnse: the primary divisions of a pin- nately compound leaf. Pinnate, 43. Pinnately divided, 43. Pinnules: the secondary divisions of a pinnately compomid leaf. Pistil, 74. Pith, 29. Pitted : marked with fine indentations. Placenta, 81. Plaited, 68; folded lengthwise. Plumose: feathery. Plumule, 103. Pollen, 71. Pollinia: the pollen-masses of the Milk- weed. Polyandrous: bearing many stamens. Polypetalous and Polysepalous : applied to a corolla or calyx with separate petals or sepals. Polvmorphous: of various forms. Pome, 92. Prickles : sharp and rigid appendages of the cuticle. Prickly: beset with prickles. Primine, 82. Prismatic: angular, with flat sides. Process: a prominence or ])rojection. Procumbent : resting on the ground. Produced : prolonged. Proliferous: where a cluster of flowers arises out of another cluster. Prostrate : see Procumbent. Pubescence: hairiness in general. Pubescent : hairy or downy. Pulverulent: covered with fine powder. Punctate: dotted. Pungent: ending in an .ibrupt hard point. Pyramidal : pyramid-shaped. Pyrifonn: pear-shaped. Quinate: bearing five leaflets. Raceme, 55. Rachis, 50. GLOSSARY. R.^v- 57 ; the marginal flowers a head or cvme • the partial stalks of an umbel. Radiate 'or Radiant: bearnig rays; di- verging from a centre. Radical "near or belonging to the root. Radicle, 103. Raphe, 8.3. RGC6DtRClC 61. Reclining: 'leaning or falling to one side. llZZt j t>«"t g^'-^dually backward. Refracted: bent abruptly backward, as if broken. Regular: of uniform shape and size. Reniform: see Kidney-shaped. Repand: wavy. Resupinate : turned upside down. Reticulate : disposed in little spaces, like network. Revolute : rolled backward. Rhizonia, 18. Rhombic or Rhomboidal : diamond- shaped. Ribs, 33; longitudinal ridges. Ribbed: bearing ribs. Root, 7. Rootlet, 7. Rootstock, 18. Rostrate: beaked. Rotate : wheel-shaped ; with a short tube and a spreading limb. Rudimentary: imperfectly developed. Rugose : uneven ; wrinkled. Ruminated (albumen) : divided into lobes. Runcinate: same as lyrate, but with the lobes directed backward. Runner, 23. Sagittate : arrow-shaped. Samara, 97. Scabrous: rough. Scales : reduced leaves, or any small and thin appendage. Scaly: beset with scales; of the texture of scales. Scape, 50. Scarious: very thin and colorless. Scurfy: covered with minute scales. Secund: one-sided. Seed, 99. Segment: one of the parts of a divided leaf, &c. Sepal, 63. Septicidal, 89. Serrate: with the margin cut into teeth like a saw. Serrulate : finely serrate. Sessile: not raised on a stalk. Setaceous : bristle-like. Sheath: the base of a leaf when it is wrapped round the stem. Sheathing : enclosing the stem like a sheath. Shield-shaped: see Peltate. Shrub, 26. Silicle and Silique, 90. Silky: clothed with fine appressed shin- ing hairs. Silvery: white and shining. Simple: of one piece. Sinuate : with the margins cut into rounded incisions (sinuses) which arff separated by rounded lobes. Solitary: standing alone. Sorus : the fruit ciuster of ferns. Spadix, 54. Spathe, 54. Spatulate : dilated into a broad and rounded summit, from a slender base. Species, 111. Specific: pertaining to a species. Spike, 52. Spikelet: a small spike, or a branch of a spike. Spindle-shaped: see Fusiform. Spine, 24. Spiny: armed with spines; spine-iike. Spiral Vessels, 5. Sporangia : Flora, p. 585. Spores: Flora, p. 585. Spur: a hollow appendage of the calyx or the corolla. Spurred: furnished with a spur. Squarrose : covered with spreading scales. Stamen, 69. Staminate: bearing stamens. Standard : Flora, p. 86. .Stellate or Stellar : radiating from a common centre. Stem, 13. Stemless, 13. Sterile : unfruitful ; imperfect. Stigma, 78. Stigmatic : belonging to the stigma. Stipe : the stalk of an ovary or of a fern- leaf. ^ Stipel, 38. Stipellate: furnished with stipels. Stipule, 38. Stipulate : furnished with stipules. Stolon, 22. Stoloniferous : bearing stolons. Stomata, 33. Strap-shaped : long and flat, with par- allel margins. Striate : marked with flne furrows. Strigose : bristly with rigid appressed hairs. Strobile, 98. Style, 77. Subulate: awl-shaped. Sulcate: marked with deep furrows. Suspended : hanging. Suture, 80. Syngenesious, 72. System, 115. Tap-root, 8. Tendril, 25. Terete: cylindrical; round. Ternate : of three leaflets ; three in a whorl. INTRODUCTION. Testa: the covering of the seed. Tetraraerous : in parts of four. Tetrandrous : having four stamens. Tlioni, 24. Throat: tlie orifice of a tubular corolla, calyx, &c. Tomentose : clothed with a close velvety pubescence. Toothed: see Dentate. Top-shaped : like an inverted cone. Torose, or Torulose : knotted ; knobby. Torus, 61. Tree, 26. Triaudrous: having thi-ee stamens. Tribe : a subdivision of an order. Trichotomous : dividing into three branches. Trifoliolate : bearing three leaflets. Truncate : ending abruptly, as if cut off. Tube : the united part of a calyx or co- rolla. Tuber, 19. Tubercle : a wart-like appendage ; Flora, p. 504. Tubercled : bearing tubercles, or crowned with a tubercle. Tuberous: like a tuber. Tubular: shaped like a tube. Tumid: swelled; thickened. Tunicated Bulb, 21. Twin: in pairs; a pair united. Twining : rising by coiling around a support. Umbel, 57. Umbelled: arranged in an umtel. Umbellet, 57. Unarmed : destitute of thorns, prickles,&c. Uncinate : hooked. Undulate : wavy. Unequally pinnate, 43. Unguiculate : clawed. Unifoliolate : bearing a single leaflet. Urceolate : urn-shaped ; pitcher-shaped. Utricle, 96. • Utricular : formed like a utricle. Valve, 85. Valvate, 68 : opening by valves. Variety, 111. Vascular Tissue, 5. Vaulted : arched. Veins, 33. Veiny : furnished with reticulated veins. Veinlets : the ultimate branches of veins. Venation, 39. Ventral Suture, 80. Ventricose : inflated. Vernation, 34. Versatile, 72. Vertical : with the edges directed upward and downward, and the sides facing the horizon. Vessels, 2. Vexillum : Flora, p. 86. Villous : woolly. Virgate : wand-like ; long and slender. Viscid : clammv; glutinous. Vittas : Flora, p. 157. Waxy : like beeswax. Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and tapering regularly to the base. Wheel-shaped: see Eotate. Whorl : a collection of parts an-anged in a ring or circle. Whorled : disposed in a whorl. Wing: Flora, p. 86; any thin expansion. Winged : furnished with wings. Wood, 30. Woody : of the texture of wood. Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4. Woolly : clothed with long and dense soft hairs. HI. ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. Adans. - = Adanson. Good. = Goodenougli. Ait. Alton. Griseb. Grisebach. All. Allioni. Gronov. Gronovius. Andr. Andrews. Haw. Haworth. Am. Arnott. H. B. K. Humboldt, Bonpland, and Aubl. Aiiblet. Hoff. Hofftiiann. [Kunth. Bakho. Baldwin. Hook. Hooker. Bartr. Bartram. Houst. Houston. Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois. Hiuls. Hudson. Benth. Bentham. Jacq. Jacquin. Bigel. Bigelow. Juss. Jussieu. Boerh. Boerhaave. L. or Linn. Linnoeus. Brongn. Brongniart. Lag. Lagasca. Buckl. Buckley. Lam. Lamark. Cass. Cassini. Lehm. Lehmann. Catesb. Catesby. VHerit. L'Heritier. Qtv. Cavanilles. Lindl. Lindley. Chapm. Chapman. Marsh. Marshall. Chois. Choisy. Mart. Martius. Darl. Darlington. Mey. Meyer. DC. De Candolle. Michx. Michaux. A. DC. Alphonse de Candolle. Michx.f. Michaux the younger. Desf. Desfontaines. Mill. Miller. Besv. Desveaux. Mcench. Moenchausen. Dew. Dewey. Muhl. Muhlenberg. Dill. Dillenius. Murr. Murray. Ehrh. Ehrhart. Neck. Necker. Ell. Elliott. Nets. Nees von Esenbeck. Endl. Endlicher. Nutt. Nuttall. Engelm. Engelmann. Panz. Panzer. Fisch. Fischer. Pers. Persoon. Forst. Forster. Plum. Plumier. GcerL Gfertner. Poir. Poiret. Gaud. Gaiidin. Raf. Rafinesqiie. Ging. Gingins. R. Br. Robert Brown. Gmel Gmelin. R. if S. Roemer & Schultes. INTRODUCTION. Rich. = Richard. Tourn. -- = Tournefort. Salisb. Salisbury. THn. Trinius. Schk. Schkuhr'. Tuck. Tiickei-man. Sthrad. Schrader. Vent. Venteuat. Schreb. Schreber. Wahl. Wahlenberg. Schiv. Schweinitz. Wang. Waiigeuheim. Scop. Scopoli. Walt. Walter. Shuftlw. Shuttle worth. WnUr. Wallroth. Sulliv. Sullivant. Wendl. Wendland. Tm-r. Torrey. mild. Willdenow. IV. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. (^ An annual plant. (9) A biennial plant. y. A perennial plant. o The length in feet; as, " 2° long," two feet long. ' The length in inches; as, "2' long," two inches long. " The length in lines; as, "2" long," two lines long. (*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well known. Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate. Two figures connected by a dash, as " stem 4^- 6^ long," denote that the length of the stem varies from four to six feet. n. sp. ) indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously n. gen. ) characterized. V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. Having acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place thej occupy in the system. His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 natural orders or families contained in this work the plant he may have ia liand belongs. Were he to attempt to compare it with the characters of each order successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging. To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its ])roper place in the Flora, some guide, such as is supplied by the following An- alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best explain its use. Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with the Series of Ph^nogamods Plants, with which we find it to agree in having flowers. Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the seed, we have not been able to ascertain the number of the cotyledons. We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the case, it comes under the Subclass of Angiospermous Plants. The double floral envelopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the Polypet- ALOUS Division. Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1 -celled, or soli- tary and 2 -many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-cellcd ; bringing it under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in any way connected XXVni INTRODUCTION. with the petals, or free from them. In ours they are free. Lastly, whether they are united into a tube, or in clusters, or are all separate. In ours they are tre united in five clusters, and the sepals are deciduous. This brings our plant to the natural order, Tiliace^, 59, — the number referring to the page of the Flora where the order is described. Turning to that page, and comparing our plant with the character of the order, we notice their agreement. We then proceed to find the name of the genus. This is readily done, in this instance, by comparing the jjlant with the two genera comprised in this order. With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, and therefore we need not carry it furUier. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species of the genus Tijlia, so named by Tournefort, and commonly called Linden or Basswood. Again, suppose the plant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. Having flowers, it is, of course, P/uenofjumous. But, cutting across the stem, we find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a white mass of cellular tissue, stud- ded with minute points, which are the ends of the divided threads of woody fibre ; the veins of the leaf run parallel fiom the base to the apex ; the floral envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant differs widely from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and we therefore turn to its alterna- tive, the Class of Monocotyledonous Plants, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these characters. Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaceous, falls under the second heading, marked with two stars ( * * ). Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully comparing the plant with the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise. In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-veined or par- allel-veined. In ours they are parallel- veined. Then, if the capsule is 1 -celled, or 3-6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex- trorse In ours they are introrse. This brings us to the natural order Liliace.e, described on page 480 of the Flora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, Tulipa- CEiE. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ), our plant belongs to the second ; having a Palm-like stem. No. 10, Yucca, alone remains ; and to it our plant must belong. Turning to page 485, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the stem and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question. VI. ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. Series L PH.^NOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo plant. Class I DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual deposition of a new layer between the wood and bark. Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral en- velopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass L ANGIOSFERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division L POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. * Stamens and petals free from the calyx, hypogynous or nearly so. ■(- Stamens more than twice as many as the petals. Leaves opposite, entire. Page Leaves dotted. Stamens separate. Stigma small. HYPERICACE^, 38 Leaves dotless. Stamens united below. Stigma radiate-peltate. CLUSIACE^, 42 Leaves alternate. Ovaries more than one, each 1-celled. Stems woody. Petals 6 or more, in two or more rows. Petals Imbricated in the bud. Anthers 4-celled. Dioecious vines. MENISPERMACE>5:, 15 Anthers 2-celIed. Flowers perfect. MAGNOLIACE.E, 12 Petals valvate in the bud. Fruit pulpy. Albumen ruminated. ANONACE^, 14 Herbs. Ovaries embedded in the top of the large receptacle. NELUMBIACE^, 18 Ovaries borne on the receptacle. Sepals and petals deciduous. RANUNCULACE.S:, 2 Sepals and petals persistent. CABOMBACE.^, IS XXX INTRODUCTION'. Ovary solitary, 1-celleJ. Placenta central. Sepals 2, deciduous. Anthers introrse. PORTULACACEJl, 43 Sepals 5, persistent. Anthers extrorse. DROSERACE^, 36 Placentas parietal. Calyx persistent. Capsule 3-valved : placentae 3. CISTACE^E, 35 Calyx deciduous. Juice colored. Leaves simple, lobed. PAPAVERACE.E, 21 Juice watery. Placental. Leaves 2 - 3-ternate. CIMICIFUGE^, 2 Juice watery. Placentae 2. Leaves simple or trifoliolate. CAPPARIDACE.E, 31 Ovary solitary, 2 - many-celled. Stamens connected with the base of the petals. Stamens united in a column. Sepals valvate. M.VLVACEjE, 52 Stamens united in a ring. Sepals imbricated. CAMEl^IACE^E, 60 Stamens free from the petals. Stamens united into a tube. Sepals persistent. CLUSIACE.3;, 42 Stamens united in clusters. Sepals deciduous. TI LI ACER'S, 59 Stamens separate. Ovary 5-celled. Leaves tubular. SARRACENIACE^, 20 Ovary many-celled. Leaves flat. NYMPILEACE.i;, 19 ■I- t- Stamens tivice as many as the petals. Ovaries more than one. Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. Trees, with pinnate leaves. GIMARUBACE35, 6V Flowers perfect. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 - 3-seeded Aquatic herbs. CABOMBACE.E, IS Fruit a many-seeded follicle. Fleshy herbs. CRASSULACE^ 149 Ovary solitary, Icelled. Leaves alternate. Fruit a legume. Leaves stipulate. LEGL JIIN0S..5!, 86 Leaves opposite. Fruit a capsule, with parietal placentae. Leaves entire, dotted IIYPERICACE.^;, 38 Fruit a capsule, with a free central placenta. Leaves dotless. CARY0PHYLLACEJ2, 45 Fruit a drupe. Shrubs, with trifoliolate dotted leaves. BUKSEHACE^, 67 Fruit a berry. Herbs, with two peltate lobed leaves. BEUBERIDACE^, 16 Ovary solitary, 2-celled Flowers irregular : stamens monadelphous. Capsule 2-seeded. POLY'GALACE.a;, 82 Flowers regular : stamens separate. Capsule long, many-seeded. TILIACE^E, 59 Ovary solitary, 3-eelled. Shrubs, with alternate leaves. Flowers monoecious. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-valved. Stamens united. EUPHORBIACE^, 399 Flowers perfect. Fruit 3-seeded, 3-winged, indehiscent. CY'KILLACEJ;, 272 Fruit many-seeded, 3-valved. ERICACEAE, 257 Ovary solitary, 4 celled. Stamens 8. Style single. Low fleshy root-parasites, with scale-like leaves. MONOTROPE.S;, 258 A shrub, with alternate leaves and bractless flowers. CYRILLACE^, 272 Styles 4. Flowers cymose. Capsule 4-lobed, spreading. CRASSULACE^, 149 Ovary solitary 5-celled. Stamens 10. Style ...ingle. Stamens monadelphous. Leaves alternate, pinnate. CEDRELACE^. 62 Stamens separate. Leaves opposite, pinnate. ZY^GOPHY^LLACE.^;, 63 Stamens separate. Leaves alternate, simple. PY'ROLE.S;, 268 Styles 5 Cells of the fruit separating into l-.«eeded nutlets. GERANIACE^, 64 Cells ofthc fruit united. Leaves trifoliolate. 0XAL1DACE.5;, 63 Ovary solitary, 7-celled. Anthers opening by terminal pores. ERICACE^, 25i Ovary solitary, 10 - 12-celled. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. ZYGOPIIYLLACE-E, 63 ^_ 4_ ^_ Slaynens exceeding the petals in number, but not twice as many. Ovary 1-celled. Petals 4 : stamens 6. Sepals 2. Flowers irregular. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen. FUMARIACE^, 22 Sepals 4. Flowers regular. Embryo large. Albumen none. CAPPARIDACB.5:, 31 Ovary 2-celled. Petals 3. Stamens 8, monadelphous. Anthers 1-celled. POLYGALACE.^, 82 Petals 4. Stamens 6. Fruit a silique or silicle. CRUCIFER.i5), 23 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. IIYPERICACE^, SAPINDACE.E, SCHIZANDRE^, 12 MENISPERMAOE-E, 15 RUTACEiE, 66 RANUNCULACE.E, 2 SURIANACE^, 149 LEGUMINOS.5;, 86 VIOLACE^, 32 Ovary 3-celled. Leaves opposite. Petals 5. Stamens 9. Leaves simple, dotted. Petals 4-5. Stamens 7. Leaves palmatelj; 7-foliolate. Ovary .3 4 celled. Leaves alternate. Petals 5-8. Stamens 10. Fruit indehiscent, 3 - 4-winged. CYRILLACE.E *-■*-■>-•<- Stamens {the fertile ones) as many as t/ie petals. Ovaries more than one. Flowers nionctcious. Stamens united into a 5-lobed disk. Flowers dioecious. Anthers 4-celled. Leaves simple. Anthers 2-celled. Leaves pinnate, dotted Flowers perfect. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. Style lateral. Ovules erect. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Flowers irregular. Fruit a legume Albumen none. Capsule .3-valved. Albumen fleshy. Flowers regular. Flowers monoecious ; the fertile ones apetalous. Fruit utricular. EUPHORBIACEJE, Flowers perfect. Stamens opposite the petals. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Anthers opening lengthwi.se. Stamens and petals 3. Stigmas many-parted. Stamens and petals 5. Leaves a pair, opposite. Capsule 3 valved, few-seeded Leaves alternate, numerous. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves at the base of a naked stem. Fruit a utriclei Stamens alternate with the petals. Leaves opposite, dotted, exstipulate. Albumen none. Leaves opposite or whorled, dotless, stipulate. Albumen present. ILLECEBRExE, Leaves alternate Capsule 1-celled. Leaves compound Fruit a legume. Leaves simple. Stamens with sterile ones between. Sterile stamens none. Trees or shrubs. Leaves .simple, opposite. Leaves trifoliolate, alternate. Leaves palmately 5-foIiolate. Flowers perfect, racemose. Stamens 5. BERBERIDACE^, CISTACE.E, PORTULACACE.E, BYTTNERIACE-E, PLUMBAGINACE.E, HYPERICACE.E, MIMOSE.E, PARNASSIACE,E, DROSERACE^, Ovary solitary, 2-eelled. Fruit a double samara. Fruit a single samara Fruit a berry. Fruit a drupe Flowers dioecious, clustered. Stamens 2. Ovary solitary, 3-celled. Stamens united, the alternate ones sterile, Ovaries 4-celled, aggregated into a head. Dioecious. Ovary 5-celled. Style single. Petals stalked. Ovary 5-ceUed, or falsely 10-celIed. Styles 5. Petals sessile. »- -I- •*-•<- ^- Stamens fetcer than the petals. Stamens 2. Petals 4, cruciform. Fruit a silicle. CRUCIFERiE, Stamens 2-3 Petals 6. Flowers regular. Leaves opposite. CARYOPHYLLACE^E, Stamens 4. Petals 5. Flowers irregular. Leaves alternate. KRAMERIACE.^, # * Stamens and petals inserted on the cojyx, or on a more or less perigynous disk. I- Calyx not adherent to the ovary. ++ Stamens as many as the petals. Stamens monadelphous around the stalk of the ovary. Stamens separate, opposite the petals. Calyx truncate Ovules 2 in each cell Woody vines. Calyx valvate. Ovules single in the cells. Trees or shrubs. 399 16 ST) 43 58 278 38 45 88 37 36 80 66 70 272 410 268 411 58 62 23 45 PASSIFLORACE^, 147 ACERACE.^, RUTACE.?:, VITACExE, CYRILLACE.E, EMPETRACEJi, GALACINE.E, B.\TIDACE^, BYTTNERIACE.E, LINACExE, VITACE.E, RHAMNACE.1;, xxxu INTRODUCTION. Stamens separate, alternate with the petals. Herbs. Leaves alternate Calyx deciduous. Capsule 1-celled. Leaves opposite. Calyx persistent. Capsule 2 - 4-celled. Trees or shrubs. Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. Styles 2. Fruit a drupe. Ovary 1-celled. Albumen none. Ovary 2-5-celled. Seeds with albumen, i Fruit a capsule. Capsule fleshy. Seeds arilled. ) Capsule 3-celled, inflated. Leaves trifoliolate. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked Leaves simple. TrrRNERACE.E, 146 LYTHRACE^E, 133 AOERACE^, 80 ANACARDIACE^, 68 CELASTRACE^, 75 STAPHYLEACE>E, 77 ESCALLONIE^, 151 petals. •H- *+ Stamens more numerous than the Ovaries more than one. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Succulent herbs. Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sepals and petals numerous. Ovary solitary, 1-celled. Fruit a drupe. Style arising from the ba.'Je of the ovary. Style terminal. Ovules pendulous. Fruit a legume. Flowers mostly irregular. Ovary solitary, 2 - 5-celled. Style single. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled. Leaves compound, dotted. Petals valvate. Leaves compound, dotless. Petals Imbricated. Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Fruit a capsule. I.eaves opposite. Fruit a double samara. Styles 2-3, each 2 - 3-parted. Capsule 2 - 3-celled. Styles 3, entire. Petals clawed. Fruit a drupe. 4- ^- Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile PORTULACACE^, 43 Capsule 3-valved. Calyx 5-parted. Leaves rough. LOASACE^, 146 Ovary 2-6-cened. Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. MELAST0MACE.3:, 131 ROSACEvE, 117 CRASSULACE^, 149 CALYCANTHACE^, 129 CHRTSOBALANE^, 118 AMYGDALE^, 118 LEGUMINOS^, 86 LYTHRACE^, 133 BURSERACE.a;, 67 SAPINDACE.^, 78 SAXIFRAGACEJE, 151 ACERACE^, 80 EUPHORBIACE^, 399 MALPIGHIACE.aE, 81 Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless. Styles or stigmas 2 or more. Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry, separating into 2 pieces. Fruit berry-like, of 2 - 5 nutlets. Flowers not umbelled. Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate. Flowers monoecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled. Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Fruit dry, variously dehiscent, many-seeded. Fruit indehiscent, 1 - 2-seeded. Stipules between the petioles. Stipules none. Leaves dotted. Leaves dotless. Leaves dotless. Leaves alternate. Flowers umbelled Leaves compound. Flowers not umbelled. Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent. Fruit dry. woody, 2-valved. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers dioecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous Stamens numerous. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 10. Ovary l-celled. ONAGRACE^, 137 UMBELLIFER^, 157 ARALIACE.a;, 166 SAXIFRAGACE^, 151 HALORAGE^, 137 HYDRANGEA, 151 RHIZOPHORACE.d by stipules, or whorled. Stipules none. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Anthers separate. Leaves alternate. Herbs. Corolla-lobes valvate in the bud. Capsule opening at the sides. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule valvate. Shrubs. Flowers irregular. Stigma within a ciliate cup. Flowers regular. Anthers opening by a terminal chink. Flowers regular. Anthers opening lengthwise. COMPOSIT.«, 184 RUBIACEiE, 172 CAPRIFOLIACE^, 169 VALERIANACE.^, 183 CAMPANULACE^, 266 PRIMULACE.E, 279 GOODENIACE.55, 255 TACCTNIE^, 257 STYRACACE.E, 270 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV Division III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or altogether wanting. # Amentaceous trees or shrubs. Flowers tnonacious or dicEcious. -I- Sterile flowers only in aments. Leaves simple, stipulate. Involucre scaly. Seed entire. CUPULIFER^iE, 420 Leaves piunate, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. JUGLANDACE^E, 418 H- ■>- Both the sterile and fertile floxoers in aments. Aments globose. Calyx none. Fruit 2 be.aked, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked. Fruit nut like, l-.seeded, hairy. Aments single. Aments oblong or linear. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Stipules none. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit dry, angled or winged. HAMAMELACE.5:, 156 PLATANACE.E, 417 MYRICACE.E. 426 SALICACE.E, 429 BETULACE.E, 428 MORACE^, 414 SAURURACE.i;, 397 Fruit enclosed in the confluent berry -like calyx. « * Flowers not in aments. ■*-■ Calyx and corolla none. Ovaries 3-4, united below. Flowers perfect, spiked. Ovary single. Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. CALLITRICHACEiE, 398 Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. PODOSTEMACE.E, 399 Involucre 8 - 12-p.arted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. CERATOPHYLLACE.E, 398 Involucre 4 - 5-toothed, cup-like, containing one fertile flower and several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. EUPHORBIACE^, 399 ^- t- Calyx herbaceous or corolla-like. Ovaries more than one. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate. Stamens hypogyuous. Stipules none. Embryo minute. Embryo and seeds large, curved. Ovary solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit a 2-valved, many-seeded capsule. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites. Anthers on filaments. Drupe berry -like. Stigma decurrent. Drupe dry. Albumen copious Drupe dry. Albumen none. Ovary 6-celled, many-ovuled. Calyx tubular. Ovary 4-celIed, many-ovuled. Stigma capitate. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Stigmas 3. Leaves dissected. Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate. Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite. Calyx free from the ovary. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules and seeds numerous. Vines. Fruit berry-like. PASSIFLORACE.E, 147 Stems erect. Capsule circumscissile. CELOSIE^ 379 rosacea;, 117 ranunculace.e, 2 menispermacej!:, 15 SAXIFRAGACE.E, 151 LORANTHACE^, 397 CORNACE.^;, 167 SANTALACE.E, 395 COMBRETACE^, 136 ARISTOLOCIIIACE^, 371 ONAGRACE^, 137 HAMAMELACE^, 156 MYRTACE.E, 180 INTRODUCTION. Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves stipulate. Stipules sheathiug. Leaves alternate. Stipules scarious. Leaves opposite. Stipules not sheathing nor scarious. Flowers perfect Achenium 2-lobed, spiny. Flowers imperfect. Herbs. Stems twining. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed, Stems not twining. Leaves serrate or entire. Trees or shrubs. Juice watery. Flowers single or clustered. Juice milky. Flowers included in a fleshy receptacle. Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves without stipules. Stamens more numerous than the calyx-lobes. Anthers opening by valves. Anthers opening lengthwise. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Calyx entire. Berry oval. Stamens equalling in number or fewer than the calyx-lobes. Flowers with scarious bracts Flowers without scarious bracts. Calyx corolla-like, plaited. Calyx herbaceous. Styles 2. Ovary 2 - 12-celled. Leaves whorled A heath-like shrub Calyx of imbricated scales. A prostrate annual. Calyx corolla-like. Leaves opposite Fruit a single samara. Calyx minute, persistent. Fruit a double samara Calyx deciduous. Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx. Flowers dioecious. Stamens hypogynous. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Herbs. Leaves alternate. Ovules and seeds 1 - 2 in each cell. Flowers mono-dioecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule. Flowers polygamous Capsule 3 - 4-winged. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Capsule S-celled Flowers solitary. Capsule 5-celled Flowers cymose. POLYGONACEiE, ILLECEBRE^, 384 45 PETIVERIILS:, 374 CANNABINACE^, URTICACEiE, ULMACE^, MORACE^, 414 411 416 414 LAURACE^, 393 POLYGONACE^, 384 THYME LEACE^, 395 AMARANTACE^, 378 NYCTAGINACE^ CHENOPODIACE^, EMPETRACE^, MOLLUGINE^, 372 375 410 45 FRAXXNE^, 369 ACERACE.S;, 80 RHAMNACE.E, 72 FORESTIERE^, 369 LYTHRACE^E, 133 EUPHORBIACE^, 399 SAPlNDACRa;, 78 PHYTOLACCACE^, 374 ULMACE.E 416 Capsule circumscissile. PORTULACACEiE, 43 CRASSULACEiE, 149 Subclass II. GlTklNOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Ovules naked (not contained in an ovary), supported by an open scale or leaf, or else terminating a branch, and fertilized by the direct applica- tion of the pollen. stem branching. Leaves simple. Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate. CONIFERiE 431 CYCADACEiE, 437 ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXVII Class H. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, and in- creasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheathing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usually by threes. Cotyledon single. ♦ Floral envelopes none. Flowers on a spadix, Stemless, floating herbs. Plants frond-like, witli no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACE^, 442 Leaves clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Pistia in ARACEJE, 439 Caulescent, leafy, rooting herbs. Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. ARACEJE, 439 Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed, floating. NAIADACE^II 444 Stem not immersed, erect. TYPHACE.E, 443 * » Floral envelopes (^perianth) single or double, not glumaceous. Ovary adherent to the perianth. Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. ORCHIDACE-E, 452 Stamens and pistil separate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. HYDROCHARIDACE.i; 450 FIoT-ers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. DIOSCOREACEiE, 474 Flowers perfect. Ovary l-celled. Stamens 3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACE^, 451 Ovary 3-celled. Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. CANNACE.E, 465 SUmens3. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACE.E, 472 Stamens 3 or 6. Perianth woolly or scurfy. H.EMODORACE.E 469 Stamens 6. Perianth smooth or hairy. AMARYLLIDACE.E, 466 Ovary free from the perianth. Perianth single (calyx). Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary. ARACE.E, 439 Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. NAIADACE J„ 444 Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like. JUNCAGINE.E, 447 Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves oval. ROXBURGIIIACE.,5;, 479 Perianth double (calyx and corolla). Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. JUNCACE.E, 492 Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like. Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry. SMILACE.E, 475 Leaves parallel-veined. Capsule l-celled. Stamens, or the fertile ones, three PONTEDERIACE^, 496 Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. Anthers introrse (except Lilium). Style single. ) LILI\CEE 480 Stigmas 3, nearly sessile, i Styles 3. ) MELANTHACEiE, 485 Anthers extrorse (except Tofleldia). Styles 3 or 1. ) Calyx and corolla unlike. Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. ALISMACE.f;, 447 Ovary solitary. Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped PALM.E, 437 Epiphytes Plants scurfy. BROMELIACE.E, 470 d XXXVIU INTRODUCTION. Herbs. Stamens 6. Leaves 3 in a whorl. Flower single. TRILLIACEill 475 Leaves alternate, sheathing. COMMELYNACE^, 49V Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACE^, 498 Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. XYRIDACE^, 499 Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers monoecious, capitate. Scape leafless. ERIOCAULONACEJE, 502 » » * Flowers glumaceous, i. e. with scale-like bracts, in place of proper floral envelopes. Bracts single. Sheaths closed. Fruit an achenium. CYPERACE.*, 504 Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMINE.E, 545 Series II. CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS. Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo. Class HI. ACROGENS. Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, growing from the apex only. Fructification borne on the under side of a peltate scale. EQUISETACE^, 585 Fructification borne on the back or margins of the leaves (fronds). FILICES, 585 Fructification borne in the axil of small leaves or bracts. LYC0P0DIACE.a;, 600 Fructification borne at the base of the leavss. HYDROPTERIDES, 60S FLORA SOUTH EEN UNITED STATES SERIES I. PH^NOGAMOUS or FLOWERING PLANTS. Vegetables fiirnislied with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and producing seeds wliich contain an embryo. Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves reticulate-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. Subclass 1. ANGIOSPERMiE. Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. Division I. POLITETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of separate petals. 1 2 KANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) Order I. RANUNCULACE^. (Crowfoot Family.) Herbs or climbing shrubs, with a watery acrid juice. Leaves com- monly divided, their petioles dilated at the base, without stipules. Flowers regular or irregular. Sepals 3-15, distinct, often colored. Petals 5-15, deciduous, often wanting. Stamens hypogynous, indefi- nite. Ovaries distinct, numerous, rarely few or solitary, 1-celled, 1 - many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy or horny albumen. Synopsis of the Genera. Tribe I. CLEMATIDE^E. Sepals valvate in the bud, colored. Petals stamen-like or none. Style elongated, persistent. Fruit an acheniom. — Chiefly vines. Leaves opposite. 1. ATRAGENE. Petals small and stamen-like. * 2. CLEMATIS. Petals none. Tribe II. ANEMOIVEJE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals none. Ovules solitary. Fruit an achenium. — Herbs. Floral leaves often whorled, forming an involucre. 8. ANEMONE. Involucre leaf-like and distant from the long-peduncled flowers. 4. HEPATICA. Involucre calyx-like and close to the flower. 5. TIIALICTRUM. Flowers panicled and without an involucre (except in No. 6). Achenia ribbed or inflated. Leaves compound. 6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbed. Involucre none. Achenia 4-angled. Seed erect. Leaves simple, lobed. Tribe III. RANtlNCrLiEjE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, mostly herbaceous. Petals manifest. Ovules politary. Fruit an achenium Herbs. Leaves alt mate. 7. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia spiked. Leaves radical, linear. 8. RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Achenia capitate. Stems leafy. Tribe IV, HELLEBORINE.;^. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals of various forms, or none. Fruit a 1 - many-seeded follicle. Leaves alternate. 9. CALTHA Petal,*! none. Follicle many-seeded. Sepals yellow. Leaves simple. 10. ISOPYRUM. Petals none. Follicle few-seeded. Sepals white. Leaves ccmipound. 11. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5, regular. Petals 5, spur-shaped, hollow. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves compound. 12. DELPHINIUM. Sepals 5, irregular ; the outer one spurred. Petals 4, small ; two of them spurred, the others stalked. Follicle many -seeded. Leaves lobed. 13. ACONITUM Sepals 5. irregular; the outer one large, hooded, and enclosing two long- stalked, hooked petals ; the other petals stamen-like or wanting. Follicle many-seeded. Leaves lobed. 14. ZANTHORIIIZA. Flowers regular Sepals and petals 5; the latter 2 lobed. Follicle 1 - 2-seeded. Shrubby. Leaves compound. Tribe V. CIMICTFITGE.^. Sepals imbricated in the bud, colored. Petals small and flat, or none. Fruit a follicle or berry. — Herbs. Leaves alternate. 15 HYDR.\STIS. Petals none. Ovaries numerous, forming a head of 1- 2-seeded berries. Stems 1-flowered. Leaves simple, lobed. 16. ACT.EA. Petals 4-8, entire. Ovary solitary, forming a many-seeded berry. Flowers in short oblong racemes. Leaves compound. 17. CIMICIFUGA. Petals 3-6 2-cleft. Ovaries 1-8, forming many-geeded follicles. Ra- cemes elongated. Leaves compovmd. RANUNCULACE.E. (CROAVFOOT FAMILY.) 3 1. ATRAGENE, L. Sepals 4, colored, membranaceous, spreadinn:, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals numerous, stamen-like. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Achenia capitate, hearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose-beard- ed tails. Seed suspended. — Shrubby vines, climbing by the petioles. Leaves opposite, compound, from scaly buds. Flowers solitaiy, showy. 1. A. Americana, Sims. Leaves in opposite pairs, ternate ; leaflets stalked, ovate, acute, entire or toothed, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles opposite ; sepals otjlong-ovate. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April - May. — Flowers 2' - 3' in diameter, purple. 2. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's-Bower., Petals none. Persistent styles naked or plumose. Otherwise as Atragcne. — Herbs or shrubby vines. Leaves simple or compound, opposite. Buds not scaly. Flowers solitary or panicled, often polygamous or dioecious. * Flowers solitary, noddimj : calyx thick or leathery, -t- Stems erect, mostly simple, herbaceous. 1. C. ochroleuca, Ait. Silky-pubescent; leaves ovate or roundish, en- tire, retictilate, nearly sessile, at length smooth above ; tails of the achenia (1 j' long) plumose. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May -June. — Stems 1° high. Flowers yellowish, 1' long. 2. C. Baldwinii, Torn & Gray. Stems mostly simple, slender, slightly pubescent ; leaves oblong, vaiying to linear-lanceolate, entire, or with three often divided lobes ; peduncles elongated ; tails of the achenia (2' -3' long) very slen- der, plumose. — South Florida. — Stems 1° - H° high. Peduncles 8' - 10' long. Flowers purple, yellowish within, the sepals woollj' on the margins. H- -t- Steins climbing, herbaceous. 3. C. ovata, Pursh. Smooth ; stems erect or climbing ; leaves broadly ovate, short-petioled, reticulate, glaucous beneath, the lowest sometimes com- pound or cordate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, pubescent on the margins ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — Mountains of Georgia, Carolina, and Ten- nessee. — Flowers purple?, inclined. — Probably a form of the next. ( * ) 4. C. Viorna, L. Smoothish ; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, oval, or ob- iong-ovate, mostly acute, somewhat membranaceous, entire or 2-3-lobed, the lowest pair often ternate ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate, tapering into a short re- curved point, not margined, rather longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia ( 1 ^' long) plumose. — River-banks. May - August. — Flowers nodding. Sepals thick, reddish purple, 1 ' long. .5. C. erispa, L. Stem sparingly pubescent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7 ovate, thin, 3-lobed or ternate ; those of the upper leaves entire, of the low- est lanceolate or linear ; calyx campanulate ; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the stamens, the margins broad and wavy ; tails of the achenia (1' long) rigid ; silky-pubescent. (C. Walteri, PwrsA. C. cylindrica, ^/ms. C. line- 4 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT P^AMILY.) ariloba, DC, an early state, when all the leaflets are linear.) — Swamps and banks of rivers. May and June. — Stems 2° - 4° high, somewhat shrubby at the base. Flowers 1'- 1 j' long, pale bluish-purple. 6. C. reticulata, Walt. Smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets 7-9, oval, entire or 2 -3-lobed, obtuse or mueronate, coriaceous, strongly reticulated ; calyx ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, with spreading tips, not margined, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia (Ij' long) slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina. May- July. — Calyx downy, dull purple. * * Flowers panicled : calyx thm, spreading, white: stems woodi/. 7. C. Virginiana, L. Smooth; leaves ternate ; leaflets ovate or cordate- ovate, lobed or toothed; panicle trichotomous, many-flowered, leafy; flowers dia'cious or polygamous ; sepals obovate, smoothish ; tails of the achenia long, plumose. — Swamps and meadows. July. — Leaflets 2' -3' long. 8. C. Catesbyana, Pursh. Pubescent ; leaves bitemate ; leaflets ovate, mostly cordate, 3-toothed or lobed ; panicle leafy, many-flowered, the branches divaricate, opposite, 3 - 5-flowered ; flowers dioecious ; sepals oblong, hoary ; tails of the achenia plumose. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Stem climbing high. Leaves and flowers smaller than the last. 9. C. holosericea, Pursh. Silky -pubescent ; leaves ternate ; leaflets oblong-lanccolatc, entire ; flowers dioecious, in paniculate corymbs ; sepals lin- ear, longer than the stamens ; tails of the achenia very long, plumose. — South Carolina, Walter. — Flowers small, white. ( * ) 3. ANEMONE, L. Wind-flower. Sepals 4-20, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- mens indefinite. Filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous. Ovule solitary. Aciienia capitate, compressed, pointed by the short, naked or woolly, straight or hooked, persistent style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with naked stems, bearing at the summit 2-3 opposite orwhorled and divided leaves, which form an involucre remote from the flower. Radical leaves lobed or divided. 1. A. nemorosa, L. (Wood Anemone.) Smootli or jmbesccnt ; stem 1-flowered ; leaves of the involucre 3, long-petioled, 3-partcd, the divisions ovate- lanceolate, lobed and toothed, longer than the peduncle ; sepals 4 - G, oval, white ; achenia 1.5-20, pointed by the hooked j)ersistcnt style. — Open woods along the mountains and northward. March -April. — Stems 4'- C high. Radical leaf solitary. 2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. (Carolina Anemone.) Stem slender, 1-flowered ; peduncle many times longer than the small, sessile, 3-leaved, 3-toothed involucre; radical leaves 2-3, long-petioled, temate, deeply parted, lobed and toothed ; sepals 14-20, oblong, white ; achenia numerous in a cylin- drical-oblong head, woolly. — North Carolina and westward. March. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Flowers 1' in diameter. RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 3. A. Virginiana, L. (Virginia Anemone.) Stem hairy or woolly, at length many-flowered ; peduncles elongated, the earliest one simple ; lateral ones several times forking, and bearing a 2-leaved involucre and a single flower at each joint; proper involucre 3-leaved, the leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate or oblong lobed and toothed divisions ; sepals 5, oval, greenish, acute ; achenia numerous, in an oblong head, woolly. — Open woods in tlie upper dis- tricts, and northward. July - September. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Flower 8"- 9" in diameter. Radical leaves 3-4, similar to the involucre. 4. HEPATICA, l^ill. Liver-leaf. Flowers and fruit as Anemone. Involucre close to the flower, 3-leaved, resem- bling a calyx; its leaves sessile, ovate, entire. — Alow, jjcrennial herb, with scape-like, 1-flowered stems, and 3-lobed, long-petioled, cordate, persistent, radi- cal leaves. 1. H. triloba, Chaix. Lobes of the leaves rounded, entire ; stems hairy ; flowers purplish or white ; achenia oblong, hairy. — Shady woods, Florida and northward. February - March. — Stems 3' - 6' high. 5. THALICTRXJM, Tourn. Meadow-Rue. Sepals 4 -10, imbricated in the bud, colored, spreading, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens mimerous. Filaments filiform, clavate or flattened. Ovaries 3- 15, 1-ovuled. Achenia sessile or stalked, furrowed or inflated, pointed by the sessile persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs. Leaves compound. * Flowers poli/gamous or diwcious : sepals sJwrtei- than the stamens : stir;ma elon- gated : achenia nearly sessile, ribbed: leaves alternate, decompound: involucre none : flowers small, panicled. 1. T. dioicum, L. Stems erect; leaves long-petioled; leaflets thin, roundish, crenately 5-7-lobed, smooth; flowers numerous; sepals greenish; stamens and stigma filiform; achenia sessile, or (in var. stipitatum, Torr.^- Gray) distinctly stalked. (T. rugosum & T. Carolinianum, Z>C'.) — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. July -August. — Stem 1° - 1|° high. 2. T. debile, Buckl. Stems low (8' -12'), procumbent or ascending, much branched ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets small, stalked, rounded, crcnately lobed, smooth, flowers few on axillary or terminal peduncles ; achenia oblong, strongly ribbed, short-stalked, as long as the slender style. — Rich woods, near Allenton, Wilcox County, Alabama (Buckkij). March and April. — Stems branching at the base, slender. 3. T. Cornuti, L. Radical leaves long petioled ; stem-leaves sessile (tlie common petiole wanting) ; leaflets thick, oval or oblong, 3-lobcd or entire, often cordate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; sepals white ; stamens and stigma slightly clavate; achenia short-stalked. (T. revolutum, Z^C.) — Meadows and woods, Florida and northward. June - August. — Stems 3° - 4" high. Radical leaves very large. Leaflets varying greatly in size. 1* 6 RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) * Flowers perfect : sejxils longer than the stamens : stigma short : achenia raised on a stipe, inflated, veiny : leaves temate or biternate, alternate : flowers few, paniclcd. 4. T. clavatum, DC. Stems slender, sparingly branched, naked below ; leaves pctioled, biternate ; leaflets thin, rounded, ercnately lobed, glaucous be- neath ; panicle corymbose, few - many-flowered ; flowers small, white ; achenia 5-10, somewhat crescent-shaped, short-pointed, long-stalked. — Mountains of North Carolina to Alabama. July. — Stems 1°- 2° high. 5. T. nudieaule, Schweinitz. Stem slender, naked below, sparingly branched above ; radical leaf solitary, long-petiolcd, biternate ; stem-leaves very small, temate ; leaflets thin, roundish, obtusely lobed, slightly cordate ; panicle 4-8-flowered ; flowers minute, greenish; ovaries short-stalked. — Banks of the Yadkin River, North Carolina. — Stem 2° higli. (») * * * Flowers perfect : sepals huge?' than the stamens : stigma depressed ■ achenia sessile, ribbed: stem-leaves whorled : flowers umbel ltd. 6. T. anemonoides, Michx. Radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ; leaflets oval or roundish, cordate, -3 - 5-lobed ; stem-leaves 2-3, sessile, temate ; the long-stalked leaflets forming an involucre apparently of 6-9 simple leaves ; umbel 3-6-flowered; sepals 6-10, white. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — Root tuberous. Stems 6' - 10' high. Flow- ers ^' -%' in diameter. 6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mey. Sepals 3 - .5, orbicular, imbricated in the bud, colored, caducous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite; filaments clavate. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Stigma recurved. Achenia capitate, gibbous, 4-sided, beaked by the hooked persistent stigma. Seed erect. — Erect, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately-lobed leaves, and corymbose flowers. 1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Smooth; stem (2° -4° high) simple or sparingly liranched above ; leaves uniform, reticulate, divided into 5 - 9 lanceo- late, toothed and serrate lobes ; those of the root broad (4' -6'), long-petioled ; corymb many-flowered. — Margins of mountain streams, Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. 7. MYOSURUS, L. Mouse-tail. Sepals 5-7, imbricated in the bud, spurred at the base. Petals 5-7, linear- spatulate. Stamens 5-20: filaments filiform. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Style subulate. Achenia 3-angled, imbricated on the filiform, elongated recep- tacle. Seed suspended. — Small annuals, with linear radical leaves, and small, solitary, yellowish flowers, on a naked scape. 1 . M. minimus, L Scapes 2' - 6' long, longer than the leaves ; achenia beakless. — Augusta, Georgia (Elliott), and westward. April. — Fruiting-spike linear, r-2' long. RANUNCL'I.AOKiE. (CUOWKOOT FAMILY.) 7 8. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup. Sepals 3-5, regular, herbaceous, concave, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 3-10, dilated, flat, furnished with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. Stamens mostly numerous. Filaments filiform. Ovaries few or numerous, 1-ovuled. Style short, subulate. Achenia capitate, compressed, beaked with the smooth, persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, tiie radical ones long-petioled. Flowers axillary or somewhat corymbed, ^vhite or yellow. § 1. Petals while, with a yellow pit at the base: achenia riiqose. 1 . R. aquatilis, L. Stems filiform, immersed ; leaves petioled, divided into an indefinite number of capillary segments ; flowers axillary, remote, long- peduncled. (R. Pantothrix, DC.) — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts. July and August. % . — Stems 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves circular in outline. § 2. Petals yellow, with a small scale at the base. * Achenia muricute : annuals. 2. R. parviflorus, L. Silky-pubescent ; leaves small, the lower ones circular, 3-lobcd, uoutcly-toothcd ; the upper 3-parted or entire ; flowers very small ; petals 3-5, as long as the reflexed sepals ; achenia narrowly margined, pointed with the short, recurved style. (11. trachyspermus, £11.) — "Waste places. April and May. — Stems erect, branching from the base, 6'- 12' high. Leaves rarely 1' wide. 3. R. mviricatus, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves 3-lobed, crenate ; petals 5, longer than the calyx ; achenia pointed with the broad, straight style, broadly margined. — Waste places around Charleston (Elliott). March -April. Introduced. — Stem 12' - 18' high. * * jichenia smooth : chiefly perennials. •I- Leaves undivided. • 4. R. alismsefolius, Geycr. Smooth ; stems ascending, rooting at the lower joints ; leaves lanceolate, acute, denticulate or entire ; petals longer than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, tumid, slender-beaked. (R. Flammula, Ell. &c.) — Muddy banks and ditches, chiefly in the upper districts. May -July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers 3" - 5" Avidc. 5. R, pusillus, Poir. Smooth ; stems several, erect ; lowest leaves ovate or roundish, the others lanceolate or Uncar, entire or denticulate ; flowers mi- nute ; petals 1-5, as long as the calyx ; achenia in globular heads, barely pointed. (R. oblongifolius. Ell., a broader-leaved form.) — Muddy banks, Geor- gia to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. Flowei-s 2" wide. Stamens 5-9. -t- -I- Leaves {at least those of the stem) ternately lobed or divided. ++ Petals small, not exceeding the calyx. 6. R. abortivus, L. Smooth ; lowest leaves orbicular, cordate, undivided, crenate, those of the stem 3 - 5-parted, with wedge-shaped toothed divisions ; the uppermost sessile, 3-parted ; petals shorter than the calyx ; achenia in glo- bose heads, pointed with a very short recurved beak. — Low grounds. March and April. — Stem 1°- 1^° high. 8 KANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7. B,. recurvatus, Poir. Hirsute; leaves all pctioled, 3-5-lobed; the lobes wedge-shaped, sharply toothed ; petals minute, shorter than the calyx ; achenia in globose heads, pointed with a long and slender recurved beak. — Low grounds. April and May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 8. R. sceleratus, L. Smooth ; leaves 3-parted, with the divisions wedge- sliaped, obtusely lobed and toothed ; the uppermost sessile ; petals as long as the calyx ; achenia in oblong or cylindrical heads, pointless. — Ditches and swamps, Charleston {Elliott). Introduced from Europe. April and May. — Stems thick, 1° high. 9. R. Pennsylvanieus, L. Hirsute ; leaves teraate ; leaflets long- stalked, 3-partcd, the divisions lanceolate, acutely lobed and tootlied ; petals shorter tiian the calyx ; achenia in oblong heads, pointed with a broad straight beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. June. — Stem 2° -3° high. Pe- tioles elongated, very haiiy. ■*-^ ■*-* Petals much larger than the calyx : achenia in cjlobose heads. 10. R. Purshii, Eichardson. Stem floating ; immersed leaves divided into very numerous capillary segments, cmersed ones reniform, 3 - 5-partcd, the lobes variously divided ; sepals reflcxcd ; achenia pointed with a short straight beak. — In still water, North Carolina and northward. May - July. — Stems 2° -4° long. 11- R. repens, L. Smooth or iiairy ; leaves tcrnate, or the earliest ones 3-lobcd ; leaflets 3-lobed, toothed ; achenia strongly margined, pointed with the broad and straight or slightly-curved beak ; stems erect or prostrate, often bear- ing long runners. — Rich soil, chiefly in the upper districts. Var. y in the river swamps of the low country. March and April. Var. /?. hispidus. Hirsute ; stem erect ; leaves ample ; peduncles long, with the hairs appresscd. {R. hispidus, ^[x. , R. Marilandicus and tomentosus, Poir: the latter a fonn with softer pubescence.) Var. y. nitidus. Smooth or nearly so; stem prostrate (l°-2°long); leaves and flowers smaller. (R. nitidus, Muhl.) 12. R. palmatUS, Ell. Hirsute with appresscd hairs ; leaves small (1' wide), tcrnate or 3-parted, with the divisions ovate, sparingly toothed, those of the upper leaves lanceolate and entire ; achenia strongly margined, straight-beaked. (R. Carolinianus, DC.) — Swamps in the pine barrens. Middle Florida to South Carolina, rare. — April and May. Stems 1° high. 13. R. bulboSUS, L. Hairy; stem erect (1°- Ip high) from a bulb-like base ; leaves tcrnate ; leaflets 3-partcd, with toothed lobes ; those of the upper leaves lanceolate, entire ; flowers large (1' wide) ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low grounds in the upper districts. Introduced. May. 14. R. aeris, L. Haiiy; stem tall (2° -3°), branched above; leaves 3-parted, the divisions deeply cut into three wedge-shaped or lanceolate, acutely- toothed lobes ; the uppermost 3-parted, with linear entire lobes ; achenia pointed with a short recurved beak. — Low waste places, sparingly introduced from Europe. RANUNCUL'ACKiK. (CROWFOOT I-AMILV.) 9 9. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold Sepals 4-10, regular, flat, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous; filaments filiform. Ovaries 5-1.5, many-ovuled. Stigma sessile. Follicles capitate or whorled, sessile, spreading, many-seeded. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with cordate or reniform undivided leaves, and showy yellow flowers. 1. C. palustris, L. var parnassifolia, Torr. Sj- Gr. Stem 1-leaved, 1 -flowered ; radical lea\'es long-petiolcd, broadly reniform, sharjily toothed ; se- pals oblong. (C. ficarioides, Pursh.) — Cedur swamps, South Carolma [Pursh), Tennessee, and northward, 10. ISOPYRUM, L. Sepals .5-6, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5 and minute, or none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-20. Ovules few or many, in 1 - 2 rows. Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile, membranaceous. Seed horizontal. — Perennial, smooth herbs, with alternate compound leaves, and soUtary white flowers. 1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gr. Stem (6'- 12' high) slender, sparingly branched ; radical leaves biternate, on long petioles ; stem-leaves ternatc, nearly sessile ; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobed ; petals none ; ovaries 1 - 5 ; follicle 2-seeded. (Enemion biternatum, Rof.) — Shady woods, West Florida and westward. April. — Root commonly bearing small tubers. The plant re- sembles Thalictruni anemonoides in general appearance. 11. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine. Sepals 5, regular, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, prolonged downward into hollow spurs. Stamens indefinite. Filaments filiform, elongated. Ovaries .5, many-ovuled. Follicles sessile, connivent, many-seeded, tipped with the elongated, filiform, persistent styles. Seeds horizontal. — Erect, perennial, branching, leafy herbs, with alternate ternately-compound leaves ; those of the root long-petioled. Flowers showy, nodding, solitary, or somewhat corymbcd. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Stems 2° high, smooth or slightly pubescent ; radical leaves bitemate, stem-leaves ternate, short-petioled ; leaflets roundish or obovate, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet, yellow within ; stamens and styles exserted. — Rocky woods. West Florida and northward in the upper districts. April and May. 12. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost larger, and produced backward into a hollow spur ; the others flat. Petals 4, dissimilar ; the two upper with spurs which are received in the spur of the sepal, the two lower stalked ; sometimes (as in the annual Larkspur) all united. Stamens numerous, included ; filaments subulate. Ovaries 1-5, 1-ceIled, many- 10 RANUNCLLACK^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short-pointed. Seeds in two rows, horizontal. — Erect herbs, with alternate petioled and palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. D. azureum, Miihx. Stem mostly simple, downy ; leaves 3 - 5-parted, the divisions cleft into 3-5-lincar, toothed or entire, acute lobes ; racemes many- flowered ; pedicels and follicles erect ; spur slightly curved, twice as long as the calyx. (D. virescens, Nutt., with wider-lobed leaves, and larger greenish flow- ers.) — Rich soil, Florida and northward. May. U- — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -3' wide. Sepals sky-blue, or sometimes whitish, tii)ped with brown. Lower petals 2-cleft, bearded. 2. D. tricorne, Michx. Stem simple, downy ; leaves as in No. 1 ; ra- ceme few-flowered ; pedicels and follicles diverging ; spur straight, as long as the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. April and May. %. — Root tuberous. Stems 1° high. Raceme 6 - 12-flowered. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded. 3. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem tall, branching and hairy above; leaves large, the lower 3 - 5-parted, the divisions cleft into 2-3-lanceolate or oblong coarsely -toothed lobes, the upper 3-partcd with sparingly toothed or entire lobes ; racemes many-flowered ; pedicels diverging ; follicles erect ; spur straight, rather lou'i-er than the calyx. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June- August. i;. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves 4'- 6' wide. Sepals blue. Lower petals 2-cleft and bearded, brownish. D. CoNSOLiDA, L., liie common annual Larkspur of the gardens, is becom- ing naturalized in some places. 13. ACONITUM, L. Monkshood. Wolfsbane. Sepals 5, irregular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous ; the outermost large and helmet-shaped, the two lateral rounded, the lower smaller and oblong. Petals 2 or .5, the two upper long-stalked, produced backward into a short in- curved spur, the three lower minute or wanting. Stamens numerous ; filaments short, subulate. Ovaries 3 -5, 1 -celled, many -ovuled. Style subulate. Follicles sessile, short pointed. Seed horizontal, rugose. — Erect or trailing, perennial herbs, with alternate, palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. 1. A. uneinatum, L. Stem smooth, vine-like, erect; leaves 3-5-cleft, with tiie lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; raceme few-flowered ; flowers large, blue ; upper sepal helmet-shaped. — Shady banks of streams among the mountains and northward, rare. June and July. — Stem 2° - 6° long. Leaves rather rigid. 2. A. reclinatum, Gray. Stem smooth, reclining ; leaves deeply 3-7- clcft ; the lobes cuneate, acutely toothed ; racemes numerous, few - many-flow- ered, flowers white ; upper sepal elongated-conical, soon becoming horizontal. — High mountains of North Carolina. July and August. — Stems 4° - 8° long. Leaves thin. RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 11 14. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Sepals 5, i-egular, lanceolate-ovato, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 5, small, <,'land-like, 2-lobed, short-stalked. Stamens 5-10: filaments short. Ovaries 5- 10, 1-celled, 2-ovulcd. Style subulate, incurved, at length dorsal. Follicles sessile, gibbous. Seed solitary, pendulous. — A smooth trailing shrub with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-pctioled. Leaflets 3-5, ovate and lanceolate-ovate, incisely lobed and toothed from near the acute base. Flowers small, in slender compound racemes, appearing before (below) the leaves, dark purple. 1. Z. apiifolia, L'Her. — Shady banks, Florida, and along the mountains of Georgia and northward. March and April. — Stems 2° -3° high. 15. HYDRASTIS, L. Se])als 3, ovate, membranaceous, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous: filaments filiform. Ovaries 12-20, fleshy, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, ripening into l-2seetled, capitate, bnght crimson berries. Style short. Stigma 2-lipped. — Stem erect from a thick, knotted rhizoma, simple, 1-flowered, leafy alx)ve. Leaves broadly cordate, palmately 5-7 cleft, the lobes toothed and sen-ate ; radical one solitary, long-petioled. Stem-leaves 2-3, the uppermost sessile under the stalked, greenish- white flower. 1 . H. Canadensis, L — Rich shaded soil along the mountains of Georgia and Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 4' -9' wide, hairy when young. 16. ACT-SIA, L. Banebekry. Sepals 3-5, ovate, colored, imbricated in the bud, caducous. Petals 4-10, spatulate, entire. Stamens numerous; the filaments filiform. Ovary solitary, I-celled, becoming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Seed horizontal. — Perennial herbs. Stems simple, bearing one or two twice or thrice ternately compound leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white flowers. 1. A. alba, Blgel. Smooth, or nearly so ; leaves large, 2 - 3-tcmate ; leaf- lets thin, ovate or cordate-ovate, acutely toothed ; pedicels of the fruit very thick, red ; berry white. (A. pachypoda. Ell.) — Rocky woods along the mountains of South Carolina [Elliott), and northward. IMay. — Plant 2° high. 17. CIMICIFUGA, L. Bugbank. Sepals 4-5, ovate or orbicular, colored, imbricated in the bad, caducous. Petals 1-8, small, stalked, 2-lobed. Stamens A'cry numerous : filaments fili- form, elongated. Ovaries 1 -8, 1-celled, becoming many-seeded follicles in fruit. — Perennial herbs, with large ternately compound leaves, and white flowers in elongated slender racemes. * Ovart/ mostly sim/le : stigma large, depressed : seeds horizontal, smooth. 1. C. raeemosa, Ell. (Black Snakeroot.) Leaves thrice temate; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, the terminal ones mostly 12 MAGNOLIACK^. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 3-lobed ; racemes elongated, downy ; follicle broadly ovate, sessile. — Woods in the upper districts and northward. July. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Leaflets 2' long. Racemes 6' -12' long. Flowers fetid. * * Oraries 3 - 8 : stigma minute : seeds vertical, clinffj. 2. C. COrdifolia, Pursh. Leaves twice ternate ; leaflets rigid, ovate or cordate-ovate, 2 - 3-lobed, incised and serrate ; racemes panicled, elongated ; follicles oblong, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. September. — Stem 30.40 high. (*) 3. C. Americana, !Michx. Leaves thrice ternate ; leaflets thin, ovate, incisely toothed and serrate, the terminal one 3-cleft or 3-parted ; racemes pani- cled, elongated; follicles obovate-oblong, slender-stalked — Alleghany Moun- tains, from Georgia northward. August and Sept. — Stems 3° -4° high. Order 2. MAGNOLIACEiE. (Magnolia Family.) Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, and regular, solitary, liypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals mostly simi- lar, imbricated in three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or united. Anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, jmbricateel or whorled, 1 - 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or confluent in cone-like heads. Seed dry or baccate. Embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. Suborder I. WIN TER.E.K. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Oraries in a single whorl, l-ovuled, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs. Leaves entire. Stipules none. 1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nojding. Suborder XL SCHIZANDRE.1E. Flowers monoecious. Stamens united. Ovaries im- bricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs. Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none. 2. SCHIZ.VNDRA Stamens 5, united into a o-lobed disk. Suborder III. MAGNOliIE.^. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ova- ries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somewhat woody, in cone-like heads or spikes. — Chiefly trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large. 3. MAGNOLT.\. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers introrse 4. LIRIODENDR.ON. Fruit woody, indehiscent, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse. 1. ILLICIUM, L. AXISE-TREE. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3 or 6. Petals 9-30, in rows of three, spreading. Stamens numerous, with short filaments. Anthers introrse. Ovaries 6 or more in a single whorl, sessile, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style subulate, rectm-cd. Folli- cles coriaceous, spreading, at length 2-valved. Seed ascending. — Smooth anise- scented shrubs. Leaves evergreen, entire, mostly clustered at the summit of the branches, petioled. Stipules none. Peduncles in terminal clusters, 1 -flowered, nodding. MAGNOLIACE^. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 13 1. I. Ploridanum, Ellis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acnminate ; petals 20-30, lanceolate and linear, widely spreading, dark purple. — Sandy swamps, Florida and westward May. — Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers flat, 1' in diameter. 2. I. parvifloruna, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals 6 - 1 2, ovate or roundish, concave, yellow. — Southern districts of Georgia and East Florida. May and June. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 2. SCHIZANDRA, Michx. Flowers monoecious Sepals 5-6, ovate, concave, greenish. Petals .5-6, obovate-oblong, crimson. Stamens 5 : filaments united, forming a circulai-, 5- lobcd disk : anther-cells widely separated. Ovaries numerous, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, imbricated in a head, in fiuit forming 1-2-seeded ben-ies, which are scattered on the greatly elongated filiform receptacle. — A climbing shrub ; with alternate, oblong, membranaceous, deciduous leaves, and small long-peduncled flowers, from axillary buds. Stipules none. 1. S. COCCinea, Michx. Leavesacuminate, long-netioled, .3'-4'long, often somewhat tootlicd ; uppermost flowers mostly staminatc ; hemes oval, red. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina and westward. May and June. — Stem climbing high. 3. MAGNOLIA, L. Umbrella-tree. Cucumber-tree. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6-9, concave, spreading, de- ciduous. Stamens very numerous : anthers introrse. Ovaries numerous, im- bricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of fleshy, 2-seeded, persistent follicles, opening on the back. Seeds berry-like, suspended by a slender cord of spiral vessels. — Aromatic trees or shrubs. Leaves altemate or clustered at the sunmiit of the branches. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Stipules large, adnate to the petiole, at length deciduous. * Leaves perennial. 1. M. grandiflora, L. (Magnolia.) Leaves coriaceous, oblong, or ob- ovate, smooth and glossy above, rusty-pubescent beneath, flat or concave ; petals mostly 9, obovate, concave, clawed. — Light fertile soil in the middle and lower districts. South Carolina and westward. April and May. — A large tree. Leaves 6' -12' long. Flowers 6' -9' wide, white, changing to brown. Cone of fruit oval, 3' -4' long. 2. M. glauca, L. (Sweet Bay.) Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate and oblong, silky-pubescent, at length smooth above, glaucous beneath ; petals 9, obovate, concave. — Swamps, Florida and northward. May and June. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves mostly deciduous northward, 4' -6' long. Flowers 2' wide, wliite, very fragrant. Cone of fruit oval, I'-l^' long. * * Leaves deciduous, acute at the base. 3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, obovate-oblong, acute, downy beneath, at length smooth ; petals 9, oblong-lan- 2 14 ANONACE^. (cUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) ceolate, acute. (M. tripetala, Michx.) —Rich soil in the upper districts. May and June. — A small tree, with irregular branches. Leaves 1°-1|^° long, on short petioles. Flowers 4' -6' wide, white. Cone of fruit oblong, 4' -6' long, rose-colored. 4. M. acuminata, L. Leaves scattered, oval, acuminate, downy beneath ; petals 6-9, oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Upper districts, in rich shaded soil. June and July. — A large tree. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Flowers 3' - 4' wide, dull yellow and greenish. Cone of fruit cylindrical, 2' - 3' long. * * * Leaves deciduous, auriculate or cordate at the base. 5. M. COrdata, Michx. Leaves oval or roundish, slightly cordate, acute, white-downy ijcneath ; petals 6-9, oblong, acute. — Upper districts in rich shaded soil. April and May. — A small tree. Leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers 4'- 5' wide, yellow. Cone of fruit oblong, 3' long. 6. M. Fraseri, "VValt. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, spatulatc-obovate, smooth on both surfiices, cordate and 2-eared at the base, on slender petioles ; petals oblong, obtuse, narrowed and unguiculate at the base. (M. auriculata, Z«?n. M. pyramidata, Bartr.) — Rich woods, Florida to Ten- nessee and westward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 8'- 12' long. Flowei's 6' wide, white and fragrant. 7. M. macrophylla, Michx. Leaves clustered at the summit of the branches, oblong-obovate, cordate cr slightly eared at the base, glaucous be- neath ; petals oblong, obtuse, the inner row narrower. — Shady woods in light soil, Florida to Tennessee: rare. April and May. — A shnib or small tree. Leaves ]i°-3° long. Flowers 8'- 12' wide, white, fragrant. Cone of fmit ovate. 4. LIRIODENDRON, L. Tulip-tree. White Poplar. Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, erect. Stamens numerous : anthers extrorsc. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, 1-celled, 2-ovuled, forming in fruit a cone-like head of samarajform, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded, deciduous carpels. — A large tree. Leaves angled, truncated. Stipules large, free from the petiole, deciduous. Flowers large, terminal. 1. L. Tulipifera, L. Leaves smooth, on slender petioles, mostly rounded at the base, somewhat 3-lobed ; the middle lobe appearing as if cut off, leaving a shallow notch ; flowers bell-shaped, greenish-yellow, striped or tinged with orange. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. May- June. Order 3. AIVONACE.^^. (Custard-Apple Family.) Trees or slirubs, with simple, alternate and entire, feather-veined leaves, and solitary, axillary, perfect, hypogynous flowers. Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two rows, deciduous, valvate in the bud. Stamens numerous. An- thers adnate, extrorse, on very short filaments. Ovaries few or many, MKNISl'KKMACKyK, (mOONSEED FAMILY.) 15 (listlnot or cohering in a mass, baccate in fruit. Seed anatropous, large. Enibr}o minute, at the base of riuninatocl albumen. 1. ASIMINA, Allans. Tapaw. Custard- Apple. Petals thick ; the three outer ones larger and spreading. Stamens very nu- merous, crowded on the globular receptacle. Ovaries 3 - 15, sessile, 1-celled, few-many-ovuled, baccate in fruit. Seeds horizontal, enclosed in a thin succu- lent aril. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves deciduous. Flowers nodding. * Flowo's appearing with or before the leaves. 1- A. triloba, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate, covered witli a rusty pubescence, as also the branches when young, at length glabrous ; outer petals round-ovate, dark purple, 3-4 times as long as the hairy sepals. (Uvaria triloba, Torr.Sc Gray.) — Banks of rivers, Florida and northward. March and April. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 8' -12' long. Flowers I'-lj'wide. Fruit oblong, yellow and pulpy when mature, edible. 2. A. parviflora, Dunal. Leaves oblong-obovate, abruptly pointed, and like the brandies rusty-pubescent, at length smooth ; outer petals oblong-ovate, twice as long as the calyx. (Uvaria parviflora, Torr. ^- Gray.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Shrub 2°- 5° high. Leaves 4' --6' long, thicker than those of the preceding. Flowers ^' wide, nisty-pubescent, greenish-purple. Fruit oblong or pear-shaped, fleshy, few- seeded. 3. A. grandiflora, Dunal. Leavesoblongoroblong-obovate, obtuse, rigid, densely pubescent like the branches when young, becoming smoothish above ; outer petals large, round-obovate, many times longer than the sepals ; fruit small, obovate, 1 -few-seeded. (A. cuncata, 5/i««/.) — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia and East Florida. March and April. — A small shmb Leaves 2' -3' long. Outer petals two inches or more in length, yellowish-white. * * F'owers from the axils of present leaves. 4. A. pygmsea, Dunal. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaves coria- ceous, oblanceolate or oblong-wedge-shaped, obtuse ; outer petals oldong-obo- vate, many times longer than the sepals, pale-yellow, the inner ones purple within; fruit cylindrical, pulpy, few-seeded. (A. secundiflora and probably A. reticulata, Shnttl , the latter a pubescent form, with smaller ( 1 ' - 2') oblong leaves and smaller flowers.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia. May-July. — Shrub ^°-3° high. Leaves 2'-6'long, rarely 1' wide. Flowers i'-3' wide. Order 4. MENISPERMACE^. (Moonseed Family.) Climbing shrubby vines, with alternate palmately veined and often lobed leaves, on slender petioles, and small polygamous or dioecious flow- ers, in axillary racemes or panicles. Stipules none. Sepals and petals mostly alike, in two or more rows, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or IG DKKUKRIUACE.i;. (bARBEKRY FAMILY.) more, hypogynous. Anthers 2 - 4-cellcd, openinp; longitudinally. Ova- ries 3-8, drupaceous in fruit. Seed and embryo curved, the latter large, in thin albumen. Synopsis. 1. COCCULCS. Sepals, petals, and stamens 6- Anthers 4-ceIIed. 2. MEXISPERMUM. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12 - 24. Anthers 4-celled. 3. CALYCOCARPUM. Sepals. 6. Petals none. Stamens 12. Anthers 2-ceUed. 1. COCCULUS, DC. Flowers dicEcious or polygamous. Sepals and petals 6, each in two rows. Stamens 6 : anthers 4-cclled, ahortive in the fertile flower. Ovaries 3-6, 1-ccllcd, 1-ovuled. Stigma subulate, recurved. Drupe baccate, campylotropous. Nut renifonn, rugose. Seed conformed to the cavity of the nut. Embryo semi- circular. — Leaves ovate or sligiitly cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobed. 1. C. Carolinus, DC. — Woods and thickets, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Pubescent. Stem twining, 10° -15° long. Leaves very acute, rather rigid. Racemes of the fertile flowers simple, of the sterile compound. Flowers white. Drupe red. 2. MENISPERMUM, L. Mooxseed. Flowers dio-cious. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 12-24: anthers 4-celled. Ovaries 2-4. Stigma dilated, spreading. Otherwise as in Cocculus. — Leaves rounded, angular or lobed, slightly cordate and peltate at the base. Flowers white, panidcd. 1. M. Canadense, L. — Banks of rivers, chiefly in the upper districts. July. — Stem twining. Sterile pauicles elongated. Drupe black. 3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 6. Petals none. Stamens 12: anthers 2-ccllcd ; those of the fertile flower abortive. Ovaries 3, 1-ovuled. Stigma radiate, many- cleft. Drupe oval. Nut smooth, excavated on the inner face. Embryo curved, foliaceous. — Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3 - 5-lobed. Flowers •whitish, in compound racemes. I. C. Lyoni, Nutt. (Menispermum Lyoni, Puish) — Banks of the Apa- lachicola Kiver, Florida, to Tennessee. May and June. — Pul)escent. Stem twining 20° -50° liigh. Leaves 4' - 7' wide, with acuminate lobes, the lateral lobes wavy or angled. Drupe 1' long, globose. Order 5. BERBERIDACEiE. (Barberry Family.) Herbs or shrubs, with alternate, petiolate, mostly divided leaves, and perfect, regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals and petals in two or more rows of 2 - 4 each, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens opposite liKUBKUlDACE^. (BARUERRY FAMILY.) 17 the petals when of the same number. Anthers 2-celled, opening by up- lifted valves (or lengthwise in Podoj)hyllum). Fruit baccate or capsular. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. * Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 1. BERBERIS. Stamens 6. Leaves bristly -serrate. Shrubs. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Leaves compound. Herb. S. DII'HYLLEIA. Stamens 6. Leaves peltate, deeply 2-cleft and lobed. Herb. 4. JEFFEUSONIA. Stamens 8 Scape 1-tiowered. Leaves 2-parted. Herb. * * Anthers opening longitudinally. 5. PODOPHYLLUM. Stamens 12 or more. Flower solitary in the fork of the two peltate, lobed leaves. 1. BERBERIS, L. Barberry. Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 6, obovatc, often biglandular near tlie base. Stamens 6, in-itable. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - 9-seeded bcrrv. Seeds erect. — Shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves bristly serrate, often reduced to branching spines. Flowers racemose, yellow. Berries acid. 1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (American Barherry.) Smooth, spiny; leaves obovate, bristly-serrate ; racemes nodding, 6 - 8-flo\vered ; petals notched ; berries oval, red. — Upper districts of Georgia and northward. May and June. — Shi'ub 2° -3° high, with dotted branches. 2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh. Sepals 6, ovate-oblong. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, shorter than the se- pals. Stamens 6. Style short. Stigma minute, unilateral. Ovary thin, early ruptured by the two growing seeds, withering. Seeds globose, drupe-Iikc, stalked. Albumen horny. — A smooth jicrennial herb, Avith large ternately-compound leaves, and small yellowish-green flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle. 1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Leontice thahctroides, Z.) — Mountains of South Carolina (Elliott) and northward. April. — Plant l°-2° high, glau- cous when young. Radical leaf 3-temate, on a long petiole ; those of the stem (mostly two) sessile, the upper one bitcrnate. Leaflets obovate-wedge-shaped, 2-3-lobed. Panicle few flowered. Seeds glaucous. 3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6. Stigma circular, depressed, sliglitly 2-lobed. Fmit baccate, 2-4-seeded. Seeds erect. — A smooth perennial herb, with two large, alternate, peltate, deeply 2-clcft, lobed and serrate leaves, and a terminal cyme of white flowers. 1 . D. cymosa, Michx. — Margins of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. May and June. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves often 2° in diameter, i^c divisions 5 - 7-lobed. Berries blue. 2* 18 CABOMBACK^. (WATKR-SHIELD FAMILY.) 4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Twin-leaf. Sepals 4, petal-like, caducous. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8. Stigma nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, obovate, many-seeded, oj^^ning transversely on the back, near the summit. Seeds numerous, furnished with a fleshy lacini- ated aril. — A low stemless perennial herb, with long-petioled, 2-pai-ted leaves, and naked scapes, l)earing a single white flower. 1. J. diphylla, Pers. — Rich shady woods, Tennessee and northward. April. — Lobes of the leaves half-ovate, entire or tootliod. Scapes 6'- 12' high. Flowers 1' wide. 5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-Apple. Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens twice as many (in our species) as the petals. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma large, peltate, sessile. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Seeds enveloped in a pulpy aril. — A low perennial herb, with the naked stem terminated by two large peltate, .5 - 9-parted, lobcd and toothed leaves, with a solitary nodding flower in the fork. 1. P. peltatum, L. (Mandrake.) — Rich woods, Florida and north- ward. April and May. — Stems 1° high, the bairen ones terminated by a single centrally peltate leaf, smooth. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Flowers 1' wide, greenish. Berry l'-2' long, ovoid, yellow, fragrant. Ordi.:r 6. NELUMBIACE^. (Nklu.mbo Family.) Aciuatic herbs, with large circular centrally peltate floating leaves, antl solitary hypogynous flowers on long peduncles. Sepals and petals sim- ilar, in several rows, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefi- nite, the slender filaments prolonged above the linear, adnate, introrse anthers. Ovaries separate, 1-ceIled, 1-ovuled, imbedded in the flat sum- mit of the large obconieal torus, forming large globular nuts in fruit. Stigma nearly sessile, peltate. Seeds suspended. Embryo large. Al- bumen none. 1. NELUMBIUM, Juss. Nelumbo. Characters of the order. 1. N. luteum, Willd. (Water Chinquepin.) — Lakes and still water, Florida, near Tallahassee, and northward and westward. Not common. July. — Rhizoma large, creeping. Leaves l°-2° wide, depressed in the centre. Flowers 5' - 6' wide, pale yellow. Appendage of the anthers linear. Order 7. CABOMBACE^. (Water-shield Family.) Aquatic perennial herbs, with peltate or dissected leaves, and solitary hypogynous flowers on long a.\illary peduncles. Sepals 3-4, colored >;YMi'ii.t:ACK.K. (water-lily family.) 19 inside. Petals 3-4, Avithering-porsistcnt. Stamens 6-18 : anthers ad- nate, extrorse. Ovaries 2-18. Ovules suspended. Capsule iudebisccnt, 1-3-seeded. Embryo minute, at the base of Heshy albumen. 1. CABOMBA, Aublet. Sep.nls and petals .3 Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Capsule 1-3-sccclcfl. — Stems filiform, branching. Submerged leaves opposite, divided into numerous filiform flattened segments ; floating ones peltate, entire. Flowers small, in the axils of the floating leaves. 1. C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves oblong-linear ; flowers white. (Xeetris aquatica, Nidt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June- August. — Stems 2° -4° long. 2. BRASSIOA, Sehreber. Water-shield. Sepals 3-4, purple inside. Petals 3-4, linear, persistent. Stamens 12-18: anthers exserted. Ovaries 4-18. Capsule 1-2-seeded. — Leaves all ]ieltate and entire, alternate, oval, on long petioles. Flovvers axillary, on elongated peduncles, dull pur])le. 1. B. peltata, Pursh. (Ilydropeltis purpurea, ^V/c/ir.) — Ponds and slow- flowing streams, Florida and northward. July. — Stem, petioles, and lower siii"facc of the leaves coated with a gelatinous, viscid exudation. Leaves 2' - 3' wide. Oki>ku 8. NY31PIIy'EACEiE. (Watku-Lily Family.) Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate, entire, floating leaves, and soli- tary white or yellow flowers on long pedui\cles. Sepals 4 - G, colored inside. Petals numerous, h)'pogynous or perigjnons, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous. Ovary many-celled. Ovules numerous, in- serted on the partitions. Stigmas radiate or peltate. Fruit baci*ate, many-seeded. Embryo included in a sac at the extremity of farinaceous albumen. 1. imVEPH^A, Tourn. Water-Lit.y. Sepals 4, green outside. Petals oblong, inserted into the thin torus which envelops the ovary, the inner ones passing into stamens. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals, the outer ones petal-like : anthers adnate, intror.se. Ovary many-celled. Stigmas as many as the cells, linear, radiating around a globular central gland. Beny globose. Seed enclosed in a membranaceous aril. — Leaves orliicular, cleft at the base to the centre, floating. Flowers on elongated, often spiral peduncles. 1. N. odorata, Ait. (Poxd-Lily.) Phizoma large, crce]iing ; leaves 6'- 12' wide, entire, the sinus narrow and the lobes acute, or else with an open 20 SAKRACENlACK.Ii. (I'lTCHER-l'LANT FAMILY.) sinus and obtuse lobes. (N. reniformis, Walt.) — Ponds and still water, Florida and northward. May- June. — Flowers white, 2'- 4' wide, fragrant, expanding in the morning. Petioles and peduncles occasionally villous. 2. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Water-Li ly Sepals 5-6, obovatc, yellow. Petals 10-20, stamen-like, hypogynous. Sta- mens numerous, at length recurved, persistent. Ovary cylindrical, many-celled. Stigma sessile, circular. Berry oblong. Seeds smooth, without arils. — Leaves cordate or sagittate, floating or erect. "Flowers yellow, erect. 1- N. advena, Ait. (Bonnets. Spatter dock.) Leaves tliickish, cordate, smooth or downy beneath, often emersed and erect, on stout jjetioles ; sepals 6, the outer ones rounded ; petals numerous, thick and fleshy, truncate. — In still water, common, flowering through the summer. 2. N. sagittsefolia, Pursh Leaves thin, floating, on slender petioles, ob- long, sagittate, smooth ; lobes at the Iiase expanding ; sepals 6 ; petals trans- formed into stamens. — In still water near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina ; rare. June -August. — Leaves 1° long, 2' wide. Order 9. SARRACENIACE.E. (Pitciier-Plaxt Fa.mily.) Perennial marsli herbs, with hollow pitcher or trunipet-shapod leaves, and a naked or bracted scape, bearing few or solitary nodding liypogynous flowers. Sepals 5, colored, persistent. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens numerous : anthers adnate, introrsc. Ovary 5-eelled, many-ovuled. Placentjs central. Stylo single, 5-clcft, or umbrella-shaped. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. Embrjo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 1. SARRACENIA, L. Tru.mi-et-leaf. Side-Saddle Flower. Calyx 3-bractcd. Petals obovatc, drooping or incurved. Style umbrella- shaped, 5-anglcd; the angles emarginate, and bearing the minute hooked stig- mas beneath. Capsule globose, rough, loculicidally 5-valved. — Scape bractless, 1 -flowered. Flowers large, purple or yellow. Leaves 1 -winged, hairy within, and usually containing water and dead insects. * Flowers pur})le. 1 S. purpurea, L. (Huntsman's Clp.) Leaves short, spreading, the tube inflated, contracted at the throat, broadly winged ; lamina rcniform, erect, hairy within, often purple-veined — Mossy swamps, Florida and northward. April and May. — Leaves 4' - 6' long. Scapes 1° high. 2. S. Psittacina, Michx. (Parrot-beaked Pitcher-Plant.) Leaves short, spreading ; tube slender, broadly winged, marked with white spots, and reticulated with purple veins ; lamina globose, inflated, incurved-beakcd, almost closing the orifice of the tube. — Pine barren swamps, Florida and Georgia April and May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Scapes 1° high. PAPAVEKACE.E. (POPPY FAMILY.) 21 3. S. rubra, Walt. (Red-flowered Trumpet -leaf ) Leaves elon- gated, erect, slender, narrowly winged, paler above, and reticulated with purple veins ; lamina ovate, erect, beak-pointed, tonientose within ; flowers reddish- purple. — Sandy swamps in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 10'- 18' long, shorter than the scapes. 4. S. Drummondii, Croom. Leaves elongated, erect, trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; lamina erect, rounded, short-pointed, hairy within, and like the upper portion of the tube white, variegated with reticulated purple veins. — Pine barren swamps, Florida to the middle districts of Georgia and westward. AjDril. — Leaves 2° long. Scapes longer than the leaves. Flowers 3' wide. * * Flowers ijdlow. 5. S. flava, L. (Trumpet-leaf. Watches.) Leaves large, erect, trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; lamina yellow, erect, orbicular, slender- pointed, tomentose within, reddish at the base, or reticulated with purple veins. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. April and May. — Leaves yellowish, 2° long. Lamina 3' - 4' wide. Scapes as long as the leaves. Flowers 4'- 5' wide. 6. S. variolaris, Michx. (Spotted Trumpet-leaf.) Leaves erect, trumpet-shaped, i)roadly winged, spotted with white near the yellowish summit ; lamina ovate, cohcave, arching over the orifice of the tube, hairy and reticulated with purple veins within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and westward. May. — Leaves 6' -12' long, longer than the scapes. Flowers 2' wide. Order 10. PAPAVERACE/E. (Poppy Family.) Herbs with colored juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and solitary hy- pogynous flowers. Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4-12, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentae. Capsule many-seeded. Embryo mi- nute, at the base of oily or fleshy albumen. 1. ARGEMONE, L. Mexican Poppy. Sepals 2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-8. Stigmas 4-7, free, radiate. Capsule oblong -obovate, hispid, opening at the summit by 3 - 6 valves, which separate from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds globular, crested, pitted. — Glaucous herbs with yellow juice, sessile, pinnatifid, bristly leaves, and showy white or yellow flowers. 1. A. Mexicana, L Annual; leaves pinnatifid-lobed, bristly and prickly, blotched with white; flowers white or yellow; calyx bristly. — Waste places apparently native in South Florida. April and May. — Stem branching, l"-2= high 22 FUMARIACEiE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 2. SANGUINARIA, L. Puccoon. Blood-root. Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-valved, the valves separat- ing from the filiform persistent placentae. Seeds crested — A stemless peren- nial herb, with orange-colored juice. Rhizoma thick. Leaves reniform, with 5-7 wavy or toothed lobes. Flowers white, solitary at the summit of the naked scape, fugacious. 2 S. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, Florida and northward. March. — Scape 4' - 6' high. Flowers 1' wide, appearing with the leaves. The CoEN-PoppY (Pap AVER DUBiUM, L.) is occasionally met with in grain fields and around dwellings. Order 11. FUMARIACE-^. (Fumitory Family.) Smooth licrbs with watery juice, alternate compound dissected leaves, without stipules, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4 ; the two outer or one of them spurred or gibbouL at the base ; the two inner callous at the apex, and cohering over the stigma. Stamens G, commonly united in two sets of three each, placed opposite the outer petals, hyjwgynous : a^ither of the middle stamen 2-celled, of the lateral ones 1-celled. Capsule l-C. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect, hranchinii' ; leaves clasping, pinnatitid, with toothed lobes ; silique short, ovate or ohlong-ovate, pointed with the distinct and rather slender style, barely half as long as the sjireadiiig ]icdieel. — Wet places, North Carolina and westward. June - August — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, yellowish. 4. "N, lacustre, Gray Smooth ; stem sparingly branched ; immersed leaves pinnately divided into very numerous capillary segments, emersed ones lanceolate, serrate ; silique 1-celled, obovate, pointed with the slender style, shorter than the spreading pedicel. — Rivers and cool springs, West Florida, thence northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white. 5. N. o£B.eiliale, R- Br (Water-Cress.) Stems spreading and root- ing ; leaves pinnate, with the leaflets roundish or oblong and nearly entire ; silique linear (6" -8" long), on slender spreading pedicels; petals white, twice the length of the calyx — Ditches, &c., Florida and northward. Intro- duced. 2. lODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. Silique linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single row in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent Claws of the violet-purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth j)crennial, with ovate-oblong pointed and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy flowers in panicled racemes. 1. I. hesperidoides, Torr, & Gray. (Ilesperis pinnatifida, .l/i'cAx.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee and northward. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. Pods 1' or more long, curving upv^-ard. 3. CARDAMINE, L. Silique linear, flattened ; the valves nen'cless, usually opening elastically from the base. Seeds several, wingless, disposed in a sini;le row in each cell, sus- pended by filiform stalks. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves often un- divided Flowers purple or white. * Perennials. 1- C. rotundifolia, DC Smooth; root fibrous; stem erect, simple, soon bearing from the root or upper axils long and leafy runners ; leaves oval or orbicular, often cordate, wavy or toothed, the lowest long-petioled and some- times sparingly pinnatifid ; silique subulate, spreading; seeds oval. — Cool springs, in the upper districts and northward. May and June. — Stem 6' -12' high. Runners at length 2° - 3° long. Flowers conspicuous, white. 2. C. rhomboidea, DC Smooth ; root tuberous ; stem simple, erect, Without runners ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, with wavy margins ; the uppermost oblong-ovate, toothed, sessile ; silique linear-lanceolate, pointed with the slender style, seeds round-oval. — Cool springs, West Florida and north- ward. April and May. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Flowers white, larger than in Xo. 1. 3 26 CRUCIFEK^. (mustard FAMILY.) * * Annuals. 3. C. spathulata, Miclix "Radical leaves petiolate, spathulate, entire, pubescent with brandling hairs ; stem-leaves linear Stem decumbent, silique linear, straight, spreading and slightly reflexcd, pointed with the sessile stigma." (DC.) — High mountains of Carolina (J//cAaur). (*) 4. C. Ludovieiana, Hooic. Low; stems brandling and hairy at the base ; leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid with numerous oblong or linear sparingly toothed lobes, those of the root tufted ; silique broadly linear, erect-spreading, pointed with the sessile stigma; seeds orl)icular, margined. — Waste places near dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward. March and April. — Stems 4' -6' high. Flowers small, white. 5. C. hirsuta, L. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect ( 1° - 2° liigli), branching ; leaves pinnatifid, with numerous oval or oblong sparingly toothed lobes, those of the upper leaves linear and entire ; silique narrow-linear, erect, pointed with the nearly sessile stigma; seeds oval, minute, marginless — Var. Yirginica. (C. Virginica, Michx.) Smaller (6' -10' high); lobes of the leaves linear or filiform. — Wet (the variety in dry) soil, Florida and northward. March and April. — Flowers small, white. 4. DENTARIA, L. Toothwort. Sili-<• +* Ci/iiifs leafless, hracted. 10 H. nudiflorum, Michx. Branches 4-anglcd ; leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; cymes tcmiinal, peduncled, 5- 15-flowered ; bracts subulate ; buds globose ; petals oval, twice as long as the oval sepals ; capsule ovate, longer tlian the calyx. — Low grounds, Florida and northward. July and August. — Shrab 2° -3° high. Leaves thin, l'-2' long. Flowers ^' wide. Petals recurved. 11. H. eistifolium, Lam. Branches 2-edged ; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, sessile ; cymes terminal, compound, many-flowered ; bracts subulate ; buds ovate ; petals spreading, obovate, twice as long as the oblong, iine(|ual sepals ; capsule 3-lobed, ovate, longer than the sepals. (H. rosmarinifolium, Ell.) — Pine barren swamps, near the coast, Florida to South Carolina and westward. July- September. — Shnib 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1' long. Flow- ers \' wide. Valves of the capsule strongly impressed on the back. 12. H. fastigiatum, Ell. " Branches somewhat compressed ; leaves nar- row-lanceolate, very acute ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, fastigiate ; styles united. — Pine ban'ens of Scrivcn County, Georgia. May -July. — Shrub 3° high. Leaves 3' long, narrowed but connate at the base. Flowers very numer- ous." EUioU. ( * ) -"- -1- Herbs : styles distinct, 13. H. graveolens, Buckl. Stem smooth, terete, nearly simple ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, clasping ; cymes lateral and terminal, many-flowered ; petals oblong-obovate, much longer than the lanceolate acute sepals ; stamens collected in three sets, as long the petals ; styles slender, twice as long as the ovary. — Mountains of North Carolina. July and Augnst. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers large. 14. H. pilosum, Walt. Downy ; stem terete, mostly simple, slender ; leaves small, lance-ovate, acute, erect, sessile ; cymes compound ; styles short. (II. simplex, Mich.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina and west- ward. July and August. ® 1 — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves j' long. Flowers 5"- 6" wide. 15. H. angulosura, Michx. Smooth; stem 4-angled, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile; cpncs leafy, many-flowered, the branches often simple ; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, longer than the ovate capsule. — Varies (H. acutifolium. Ell.) with larger shining leaves, compound and nearly leaf- less cymes, and more crowded flowers. — Pine barren ponds (the var. in dry soil), Florida to North Carolina and westward. June- August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 6" - 12" long. Flowers small. Styles longer than the capsule. § 2. Stamens 5-20 : capsule strictly I -celled : sti/les separate : annuals. * Flowers in cymes. 16. H. mutilum, L. Stems slender, branching abovi;, 4-anglcd, leaves oblong or roundish, obtuse, clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy at tlie base; sepals 4 * 42 CLUSiAc::.!':. (balsah-tree family.) lanceolate, mostly longer than the small petals, and etiualling the (green) ovoid capsule; stamens 6-12. (H. parviflorum, Muhl. H. quinquenerviiim, Wall.) — Ditches and low grounds, common. June -August. — Stem 1° high. Branches of the cyme filiform. Flowers very small, remote. 17. H. Canadense, L. Stems simple or branched, 4-angled ; leaves lin- ear or linear-lanceolate, the upper ones acute, sessile ; sepals lanceolate, acute, longer than the petals, shorter than the oblong (brown) capsule. — Wet sandy places, Florida and northward. June -Oct. — Stem 4' -12' high, with the branches erect. Flowers small, copper-yellow. Stamens .5 - 10. * * Floicers scatlered on the slender branches : leaves minute. 18. H. Sarothra, Michx. Stem much branched ; branches erect, filiform ; leaves minute, subulate, bract-like ; flowers small, sessile ; sepals scarcely half as long as the lanceolate purple capsule. — Sandy old fields. Florida and north- ward. June -August. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Stamens .5-10. 19. H. Drummondii, Ton-. & Gray Stem much branched ; leaves lin- ear or the lower ones oblong, acute, appi-essed ; sepals barely shorter than the ovate capsule; flowers pedicelled. — Dry barren soil, Florida, South Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stems and branches stouter than the last. Stamens 10-20. 3. ELODEA, Adans. Sepals 5. Petals .5, equal-sided, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly 9, and united in sets of three, with a scale-like gland between each set. Styles 3, distinct. Capsxde 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. Smooth perennial herbs. Flowers rose-color, in conti-acted lateral and terminal cymes. 1. E. Virginica, Xutt. Leaves oblong or oval, cordate, clasping, con- spicuously dotted bcneatli ; stamens united below the middle. — Swamps, Florida and northward. July and August. — Stems terete, l°-2° high. 2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, sbort-jjeti- oled, obscurely dotted beneath; stamens united above the middle. — With the preceding. July and August. — Stem 2° high. Order 19. CI^USIACEiE. (Balsam-Tree Family.) Trees or shrubs, with resinous yellow juice, opposite coriaceous entire dotless leaves articulated with the stem, and regular hypogynous Hewers. Sepals 3-6. Petals 4-9. Stamens mostly numerous, distinct or variously united. Ovary 1 - many-celled, few - many-ovuled. Style single, often none. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. Embryo straight. Cotyledons thick, distinct or united. 1. CLUSIA, L. Calyx 2-bracted, of 6 imbricated, colored sepals. Petals 4-9. Stamens nu- merous, the filaments united at the base into a thick and fleshy tube. Ovary PORTULACACE^. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 43 5-15-cellcd. Ovules numerous, fixed to a central column. Stigma large, radiate-peltate. Capsule coriaceous, globose-angled, 5-15-celled; the valves separating from the central column at maturity. Seeds numerous, ovate. — Par- asitical tropical trees, with thick, opposite, entire and shining leaves, and chiefly polygamous, cymose, sliowy flowers. 1. C. flava, L. Leaves short-stalked, obovate, obtuse or cmarginate, finely veined ; flowers polygamous, single or by threes, on short axillary and terminal peduncles; sepals rounded ; petals 4, oval, thick, yellow and unequal; stamens short and thick; stigma about 12-rayed; capsule pear-shajjed, 12-seeded, the seeds imbedded in soft pulp. — South Florida. — A small tree. 2. CANELLA, P. Brown. Sepals 3, rounded, concave, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, hy- pogynous, oljlong, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens united into a tube. Anthers 15 (21 EndL), adnate, linear. Ovary 3-celled. Style cylindri- cal. Stigmas 3. Berry globose, 1 -3-celled, mostly 2-secded. Seeds globosc- reniform. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. — A large tree. Leaves alter- nate, near the ends of die branches, obovate, cmarginate, glabrous, on short petioles. Racemes compound, shorter than the leaves, terminal. Pedicels 1- flowered. Flowers small, purple. (The proper place of this genus is undeter- mined, but it has been referred to this order.) 1. C. alba, Swartz. — South Florida. August. — Tree aromatic. Leaves 2' long. Berry black. Order 20. PORTULACACEiE. (Purslaxe Family.) Succulent plants, Avitli entire leaves and regular liyjjogynous or peri- gynous flowers. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-6, imbricated in tJie bud, some- times wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them, or indefinite. Styles 3-6, mostly united below, stigmatic along the inside. Capsule 1 - 5-celle.d, few - many-seeded. Seeds campy lotropous, erect from the base of the cell, or attached to a central placenta. Embryo slen- der, curved around mealy albumen. Synopsis. * Sepals 2. Petals 5-6. 1. CL.\YTONIA. Petals and stamens 5. Capsule 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. 2. TALINUM. Petals 5. Stamens 10 - 30. Capsule 3-vaIved, many-seeded. 3 PORTULACA. Petals 5-6. Stamens 8-20. Capsule circumscissile. * * Sepals 5. Petals none. 4. SESUVIUM. Stamens 5 -60, inserted on the calyx. Capsule circumscissile. 1. CLAYTONIA, L. Spring-Beauty. Sepals 2, free, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, 3-6-seeded. — 44 PORTULACACEyE. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) Smooth herbs, with a simple stem bearing two opposite leaves and terniinated with a loose raceme of pale rose-colored, veiny flowers. 1. C. Virginiea, L. Leaves long (3'- 6'), linear, acntish ; petals mostly cmarginate, but sometimes acute. — Damp rich soil in tlie upper districts. March. — Plant 4-10' long. 2. C. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves short (I' -2'), ovate-lanceolate or oblong, tapering at the base, obtuse; petals obtuse. — Mountains of Nortli Caro- lina and northward. March and April. — Smaller than the last. 2. TALINUM, Adans. Sepals 2, free, deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10-30. Style 3-lobed. Capsule 3-cellcd at the base, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Smooth and fleshy herbs, with alternate leaves and cymose flowers. 1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Stem thick, leafy; leaves linear-cylindrical; cymes on long peduncles ; petals purple, fugacious. — Rocks, North Carolina and northward. June -Aug. IJ. — Stems 2' - 4' long. Pcdimcles 5'-8' long. 3. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane Sepals 2, united and cohering with the ovary below, the upper portion circum- scissile and deciduous with the upper part of the capsule. Petals 4-6, inserted with the 8-20 stamens on the calyx. Style 3-8-parted. Capsule globose, 1 -celled, many-seeded. — Low, fleshy herbs, with terete or flat, mostly alternate leaves, and fugacious yellow or purple flowers. 1 . P. oleracea, L. Leaves flat, cuneate, naked in the axils ; flowers yel- low ; stamens 10-12. — Cultivated ground everywhere. — Stem prostrate. 2. P. pilosa, L. Leaves linear, obtuse, with a tuft of hairs in the axils ; flowers purple ; stamens about 20. — Key West, Florida. 4. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Purslane. Sepals 5, free, united at tlie base, persistent, colored witJiin. Petals none. Stamens 5, or numerous, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3-5- celled, many-seeded, circumscissile. — Prostrate and fleshy maritime plants, with nearly opposite and entire leaves, and axillary purplish flowers. 1. S. portulacastrum, L. Leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, on winged and clasjniig petioles ; flowers pedicelled ; sepals fleshy, lanceolate, mu- cronate, purple within ; stamens numerous. — Sandy or muddy places along the coast, Florida and northward. May - December, y. — Stems diffuse, creep- ing, forming mats which are sometimes 6° in diameter. 2. S. pentandrum, Ell. Leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, on slightly winged and clasping petioles ; flowers sessile ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, stamens 5. — Muddy saline coves, Florida to North Carolina. May - November. '^ f — Stems (often erect) and flowers smaller than in the preceding. CARFOPHYLLACE^. (piNK FAIIILY.) 45 Order 21. CARYOPHYLLACEiE. (Pink Family.) Herbs with tnmid joints, entire opposite or whorletl, often connate leaves, and regular hypogynous or perigyuous cymose flowers. Stipules dry and scarious, or none. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, often stamen-like or none. Stamens as many as the sepals and o[)- posite them (except MoUugo), or twice as many, or by abortion fewer. Ovary free, 1 -5-celled, with the ampliitropous or campylotropous ovules attached to a central placenta. Styles 2-5, distinct or partly united, stigmatic along the inner side. Fruit valvate or indehiscent, 1 - many- seeded- Embryo curved, or forming a ring around mealy albumen. Hynopsis. Tribe T. IliLiKCEBRKJC Sppals \listim't or united 'below. Petals often stamen- like or wanting. — Leaves with scarious stipules, » Fruit indehiscent, 1-seedetl (utricle). 1. PARONYCHIA. Sepals united at the base. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style long. Utricle included. 2. ANYCIIIA. Sepals distinct Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style very short. Utricle partly exserted. 3. SIPIIONYCHIA. Sepals imited into a tube below the middle. Stamens inserted on the tube of the ca]y.x. Style long. * * Fruit valvate, few -many-seeded. ■t- Leaves opposite. 4 STIPULTCIDA. Stem-leaves minute ; the lowest spatulate. Flowers in terminal clusters, 5. SPEROULARIA Leaves alUinear. Flowers solitary, a.xillary. -»- ■*- Leaves whorled, 6. SPEHGULA. Styles 5. Stamens 5 -10. Capsule 5-valved. 7. POLYCARPON. Styles 3. Stamens 3 -5, Capsule 3- valved. Tribe II. MOL.LTJGIlVE.iE, Stamens alternate with the sepals, when of the same number ; when three, alternate with the cells of the ovary. — Stipules none. 8. MOLLUGO. Capsule 3 celled. Leaves whorled. Tribe III. ALSINE.^. Sepals separate or nearly so. Stamens opposite the sepals when of the same number. Ovary sessile. — Stipules none. * Valves of the capsule as many as the styles. 9. SAGINA Styles and valves 4-5. 10. ALSINE. Styles and valves 3. * ♦ Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles. 11. ARENARIA. Valves of the capsule 2 - 4, each soon 2-cleft. Petals entire. 12. STKLLARIA. Valves of the capsule 6 - 10. Petals 2-cleft. 13. CERASTIUM. Capsule 8 - 10-toothed. Tribe IV. SILKNE^K. Sepals united into a tube Petals and stamens inserted on th« stipe of the ovary. — Stipules none. 14. SILENE. Styles 3. Capsule 6-toDthed. 16. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Capsule 4 toothed. 16. AGROSTEMMA. So'les 5. Capsule 6-toothed. 46 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (I'INK FAMILY.) 1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Sepals 5, united at the base, concave and mueronate or awned at the apex. Petals bristle-like or tooth-like, alternate with the 5 stamens, and inserted with them on the base of the calyx. Style long, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Rddicle superior or ascending. — Low herbs, with conspicuous sil- very stipules, and minute flowei's in loose or compact cymes. 1. P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth; stems slender, erect; leaves linear- subulate ; those of the barren stems imbricated ; cymes fastigiate, diffuse ; se- pals linear, 3-ribbed, slender-pointed; petals minute, bristle-like. (Anychia argyrocoma. Ell ), — Rocks on the mountains of North Carolina, and westward. July -Nov. U —Stems 6' -12' high. 2. P. argyrocoma, Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; stems tufted, ascending ; leaves linear, acute ; cymes capitate, the flowers concealed i)y the large silvery stipules ; sepals lanceolate, hairy, slender-pointed ; petals minute, tooth-like. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July -Sept. 1|. — Stems 6'- 10' high. Stipules nearly as long as the leaves. 3. P. herniarioides, Nutt. Eough-pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely- branched ; leaves oval or oblong, mueronate ; flowers axillary, solitaiy, sessile ; sepals subulate, with a short and spreading point. (Anychia herniarioides, Michx.) — Dry sand ridges in the middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina. July - Oct. ® — Stems 4' - 6' long Leaves 3" - 4" long. 4. P. Baldwinii. Finely pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely-branched; branches alternate, one-sided, filiform ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a petiole; cymes diffuse, naked; sepals oblong, 3-ribbed, ciliate, short-pointed ; petals bristle-like, as long as the stamens ; utricle equal- ling or rather longer than the sepals; style 2-cleft to the middle. (Anyciiia Baldwinii, Ton: ^- Gmy.) — T)ry sandy soil, Florida and Georgia. July -Oct. Q) and @ — Stems 1 1^° - 3° long. Upper leaves sometimes alternate. 2. ANYCHIA, Michx. Sepals 5, distinct, slightly mueronate at the apex. Petals none. Stamens 2-3, inserted on the base of the calyx. Style very short. Stigmas spreading. Utricle exserted. Seed erect. Radicle inferior. — An erect slender annual, with forking setaceous spreading branches. Leaves thin, oblong, obtuse, nar- rowed at the base. Flowers minute, solitary or clustered in the forks of the branches, greenish. 1. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Queria Canadensis, L.) — Bancn liills. South Carolina and northward. July and August. — Stem 4'- 10' high. 3. SIPHONYCHIA, Ton-. & Gray. Sepals 5, imited to the middle, concave and petal-like above, obtuse or mu- eronate. Petals .5, bristle-like, inserted with the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx. Style slender, 2-cleft. Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Radicle superior. — Erect or diffusely prostrate herbs. Cymes dense-flowered. Flowers white. CARYOPHTLLACEiE. (PINK FAMILY.) 47 1. S. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, diffuse, pubescent in lines; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base; the radical ones larger and crowded; flowers obovate, solitary in the forks of the stem, and clustered at the end of the branches ; sepals rounded and incurved at the apex, tiie tube bristly with hooked hairs ; petals minute. ( Herniaria Americana, Null. Paronycliia urceolata, Shutll ) — Sandy banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June- Oct. (1) or (f) — Stems I*' -3° long. Leaves sometimes falcate and incrusted with brownish particles. Stipules small. 2. S. diflFusa, n. sp. Pubescent; stems prostrate, diffuscly-branclied; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed at the base; flowers small, in compact, rectangular cymes, terminating all the branches ; sepals linear, slightly concave and mucro- nate at the apex, the tube bristly with hooked hairs; petals bristle-like. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida. June -Oct. Q) — Stems 1° long. Stipules con- spicuous, on young plants half as long as the leaves, at length 2-parted. Cymes very numerous. 3. S. erecta, n. sp. Stems smootli, clustered, erect, rigid, mostly simple ; leaves erect, linear, acute, inibcscent on the margins, tliosc of the barren stems imbricated ; cyme compound, rectangular, fiistigiate, compact ; sepals lanceolate, smooth, acutish, or obscurely mucronatc at the apex, tlie tultc smooth and fur- rowed ; petals bristle-like, half as long as the stamens. — Sands along tiic west coast of Florida. Junc-Xov. y. — Koot woody. Stems 6'- 12' high. Stip- ules half as long as the leaves. 4. S. Rugelii. Annual; stem erect, successively forking, clothed with a short and rather dense pubescence, as also the leaves and bracts ; leaves oblance- 'olate, abruptly jjointed, shorter than tlie intemodcs, the upper ones linear; stip- ules ^-^ as long as the leaves, soon 2-4-parted; cymes numerous, terminal, rather loosely flowered ; caly.x-tube short, pubescent, the linear-lanceolate divis- ions conspicuously mucronatc, white ; petals bristle-like ; style included. (Pa- ronychia Rugelii, Sliuttl.) — East Florida. — Stems 1° high, at length diffuse "? 4. STIPULICIDA, Mich.x. Sepals .5, emarginate, white-margined. Petals 5, .spatulatc, 2-toothed near the base, longer than the sepals, witlicring-persistent. Stamens .3, opposite the inner sepals. Style very short, 3-partcd. Capsule 1-cclled, 3-valved, many- seeded. — A small perennial, with an erect forking stem. Stem-leaves minute, subulate, with adnate pectinate stipules. Radical leaves spatulate, clustered, growing from a tuft of bristly stipules. Flowers white, in terminal clusters. 1. S. setacea, Michx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. April -June. — Stem 3' - G' high, the branches spreading and curving. 5. SPERGULARIA, Pers. Sepals .5. Petals .5, oval, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3 - 5-valvcd ; the valves when .5, alternate with the sepals. — A low maritime htrb, with opposite fleshy leaves, and conspicuous scarious stij)ules. Flowers axillary, solitary, rose-colored. 48 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (piNK FAMILY.) 1. S. rubra, Pers. — Sands or marshes along the coast, Florida and north, ward. April and May. f" , — Stems prostrate, much branched. Leaves linear, longer than the joints. Seed with or without a membranaceous margin. 6. SPERGUIiA, L. Sfukrev. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. Capsnle 5-valved, tlie valves opposite the sepals. Embryo forming a ring around tl«; albumen. — Leaves whorled. Flowers cymose, white. 1. S. arvensis, L. Stem erect; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear, several in a whorl; cyme loose, long-pcduncled ; fruiting pedicels reflexed ; stamens 10; seeds ixjugh. — Cultivated fields, Florida and northward : introduced. (J) . 7. POLYCARPON, L. Sepals 5, carinate. Petals 5, emarginatc, shorter than the sejmls. Stamens 3 - .5. Styles .3, very short. Capsnle 3-valved. — Low annuals, with whorled leaves, and minute flowers, in terminal cymes. 1- P. tetraphyllura, L. Stems (3'- 6') forking, diffuse; leaves spatu- late-obovate, tlie lower ones 4 in a whorl, the npper opposite ; sepals acute ; stii>ules conspicuous. — Near Charleston. Introduced. May and June. 8. MOLLUGO, L. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 5 and altemate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the cells of the ovary. Styles 3, short. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded. — Prostrate diffusely-branched annuals. Leaves whorled. Flow- ers white, on slender axillary jKsduncles. I . M. verticillata, L. Smooth ; leaves spatnlate-lanceolate, unequal, in whorls of 4-8; fiuiting peduncles reflexed; stamens 3. — Cultivated ground, common. Introduced. May -August. 9. SAGINA, L. Sepals 4 -5. Petals 4-5, entire, or wanting. Stamens 4-10. Styles 4 -5, alternate with the sepals.' Capsule 4 - 5-valved ; the valves entire, opposite the sepals. — Small herbs, with filiform forking stems, subulate leaves, and solitary flowers. 1. S. EUiottii, Fenzl. Smooth; stems erect or ascending, tufted ; pedun- cles erect ; petals and sepals 5, equal, obtuse; stamens 10. (Spergula decum- hens, E/l.) — Damp cultivated ground, common. April -June. ('. — Stems 2' -6' high. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the sharp-pointed leaves. 10. ALSINE, Tonrn. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule I-celled, 3-valved, the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. — Low slender herbs, wxdi linear or sub- ulate leaves, and white cymose or solitary flowers. CAUYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 49 1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. Stems tufted ; leaves subulate, rigid, those of the glandular flowering stems distant, of the sterile stems imbricated, with spreading tips ; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter than the capsule. (Arenaria squar- rosa, Michx.) — Dry sand-hills, West Florida and northward. April and May. 1|. — Stems 6'- 10' high. Cymes few-flowered. Pedicels rigid. 2. A. glabra, Gray. Smooth ; stems filiform, sparingly branched ; leaves tender, narrow-linear, obtuse, spreading ; cyme few-flowered, spreading ; sepals oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-ribbed,as long as the capsule. (Arenaria glabra, Michx.) — Mountains of North Carolina. July. y. ? — Stems tufted, 4' - 6' high. Cymes leafy. Pedicels setaceous. Leaves j'- I' long. 3. A. patula, Gray. Minutely pubescent; stem filiform, diffusely branched from the base; leaves narrow-linear, spreading; cyme spreading, few-many- ttowered ; pedicels very slender ; petals spatulate, emarginate, twice the length of the lanceolate acute 3-5-nerved sepals. (Arenaria patula, Michx.) — Rocks around Knoxville, Tennessee, and northward. — Stems 6'- 10' high. 4. A. Micliauxii, Fenzl. Smooth ; stems tufted, erect or diffuse, straight; leaves linear-subuhite, erect, spreading or recurved, much clustered in the axils ; cymes spreading or contracted ; petals oblong-obovate, twice as long as the rigid ovate acute 3-ribbed sepals. (Arenaria stricta, Michx. ) — Rocks and barren soil, Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stems 3' - 10' high. 5. A. brevifolia. Stems smooth, not tufted, erect, filiform, simple, 2-5-flowered; leaves minute (l"-2"), erect, lance-subulate; sepals oblong, obtuse, as long as the capsule ; petals twice as long as the sepals (Arenaria brevifolia, Nutt.) — Rocks in the upper districts of Georgia. (1) — Stems 2' -4' long, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of leaves. Flowers small, on filiform peduncles. 11. ARENARIA, L. S.vndwort. Petals 1-5, or none. Styles 2-4. Capsule opening above by as many valves as there are styles, each valve soon splitting into two pieces. Otherwise like Alsine 1. A. diffusa, Ell. Downy; stem elongated, prostrate, alternately short- branched ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, lateral, re- flexed in fruit ; petals 1-5, shorter than the sepals, often wanting. (Stellaria elongata, Nutt. Micropetalon lanuginosum, Pers.) — Shady banks, Florida to North Carolina and westward. May- October, y. — Stems 1° -4° long. 2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Downy ; stems diffusely branched ; leaves small, ovate, acute, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers cymose ; petals much shorter than the lanceolate acuminate sepals. — Waste places, Florida and north- ward. Introduced. April and May. (2) — Stems C- 12' long. Leaves j' long. 12. STELLARIA, L. Chickw^eed. Starwort. Sepals 4 - 5. Petals 4 - 5, 2-cleft, or 2-parted. Stamens 3-10. Styles 3-5, opposite the sepals. Capsule 1 -celled, opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, many-seeded. — Stems weak. Flowers white, on terminal peduncles, becoming lateral in fruit. 5 50 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (piNK FAMILY.) 1 . S. pubera, Michx. Perennial ; stems erect or difFuse, forking, hairy in lines ; leaves oblong, aciitish, narrowed at tlie base, sessile ; petals longer than the sepals. — Shady rocks in the upper districts and northward. April and May. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Flowers showy. 2. S. media, Smith. Annual; stems prostrate, forking, pubescent in lines ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, the lower ones petiolcd ; petals shorter than the sepals. — Yards and gardens. March and April. Introduced. 3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ; leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often cordate ; petals twice as long as the sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, Georgia, Flor- ida, and westward. March and April. (£ — Stems l°-2° long. Petiole mostly longer than the limb. 4. S. Xiniflora, Walt. Smooth ; stems erect from a prostrate base ; leaves remote, narrow-linear, sessile ; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect ; petals obcor- date, twice as long as the calyx. — lliver swamps, South Carolina and North Carolina. May. Q'} — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. — Perhaps a species of Alsine. 13. CERASTIUM, L. Molse-ear. Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 10. Styles 4-5. Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers white, soli- tar}' or cymose, peduncled. * Petals not hnf/er than the sepals. 1. C. vulgatum, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves oval, remote, the lowest obovate ; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading in fruit ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the peduncles, .and half as long as the slender capsule. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and May. (l) — Stems 6'- 12' high. 2. C. viscOSUm, L. Hairy and clammy ; stems ascending ; leaves lance- oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped ; cymes loose in the bud ; sepals oblong- ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields, Florida and northward. April and May. ® — Flowers and capsules larger than in Ko. 1 . * * Petals longer than the sepals. 3. C. arvense, L. Hairy or downy ; stems numerous, naked above ," leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate ; cymes rather few-flowered ; ])ctals obcordate, twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Rocky or dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. May and June. U — Stems 6'-12'higli. Leaves seldom 1' long. Flowers ^ wide. Capsule rather longer than the calyx. 4. C. nutans, Raf Clammy-pubescent ; stems tufted, furrowed ; leaves lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-flowered ; petals oblong, emarginate, rather longer than the oblong sepals. — Low grounds, North Carolina and Tennessee, and northward. (J) — Stems 1° high. Peduncles long. Capsule curved, three times as long as the calyx. CARrOPHYLLACEJE. (PINK FAMILY.) Ol 14. SILENE, L. Catchfly. Sepals united into a 5-toothed tube. Petals 5, long-clawed, inserted with the 10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, commonly crowned with two scales at the base of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, or 3-cellcd at the base, opening by 6 teeth, many-seeded. — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cymose, often showy. * Perennials : flowers showy. ■*- Petals gash-fimhriute, crownless. 1. S. stellata, Ait. Leaves in whorls of four, lance-ovate, acuminate, the uppermost opposite ; flowers white, in a large spreading panicle ; calyx in- flated, bjU-shaped. — Dry woods in the upper districts, and northward. June- August. — Stems 2° -3° high, downy, branching above. 2. S. ovata, Pursh. Rough-pubescent; leaves large (4'- 5^), opposite, oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers white, in a contracted lanceolate panicle ; calyx tubular. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July. — Stems stout, 2° -4° high. 3. S. Baldwinii, Nutt. Villous ; stems low, slender, bearing runners at the creeping base ; leaves opposite, sp^tulate ; the upper ones oblong, sessile ; cymes few-flowered ; flowers veiy large, white or pale rose-color, on slender ped- icels ; calyx tubular. — Low shady woods, Georgia and Florida. April and May. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves thin. Flowers 2' wide. -I- -I- Petals emarpinate or 2-cleft, crowned. 4. S. Virginica, L. Clammy-pubescent; leaves abruptly pointed, the low- est ones clustered, spatulate-obovate, on fringed petioles, the upjicr small, remote, lanceolate, sessile ; cymes loosely few-flowered ; calyx tubular-club-shaped, ob- long and nodding in fruit ; petals crimson, lanceolate, 2-cleft. — Ricli open woods, chiefly in t!ie upper districts. June and July. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers 1' wide. 5. S. regia, Sims. Viscid-pubescent and roughisli ; stem tall (3° - 4°) and erect, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper ones acuminate ; flowers large, bright scarlet, short-stalked, clustered and foi-ming a strict panicle ; calyx long, cylindrical, striate, dilated in fruit ; petals oblanccolate, generally entire ; stamens and style exserted. — Prairies of Alabama and westward. July. 6. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. Hairy and viscid ; stems weak, decumbent, branched ; leaves thin, roundish, abruptly acuminate at each end, the lowest obovate ; flowers few, large, bright scarlet ; calyx cjlindrical ; petals 2-cleft, with the lobes cut-toothed. — Shady rocky banks, Tennessee and northward. June - August. — Stems 2° long. Flowers showy. 7. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. Clammy-pubescent; stems low, clus- tered ; lowest leaves spatul-ate-obovate, the upper lance-oblong, mostly obtuse ; cymes dense-flowered ; calyx club-shaped, erect ; petals white or rose-color, ob- ovate, emarginate or entire. — Rocky hills, chiefly in the upper districts and northward. March and April. — Stems 6' - 12' high. 52 MALVACEAE. (mallow FAMILY.) * * Annuals: flowers small, crowned, expanding at night. 8. S. Antirrhina, L. Stem slender, smoothish, clammy below the upper joints ; leaves linear, acute, sessile, the lowest lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole ; flowers panicled ; calyx smooth; petals obcordate, rose-colored. — Dry old fields, Florida and northward. May and June. — Stems 6' - 2° high, simple or branched. Flowers minute. 9. S. quinquevulnera, L. Hairy; stem branching; leaves spatulate, the upper ones linear; flowers in 1-sided racemes; calyx hairy; petals rounded, entire, pink or crimson with a paler border. — Near Charleston. Naturalized. — Stem l°high. 15. SAPONARIA, L. Soapwoet. Calyx tubular, terete, 5-toothed. Petals long-clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule sessile or short-stiped, 1-celled, or 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed at the apex. — Cymes dense-flowered. 1. S. oflB.cilialis, L. Perennial; stems stout, erect, smooth ; leaves ovate, connate, strongly 3-ribbed ; petals crowned, white or rose-color, mostly double. — Waste places. Naturalized, — Stems l°-2° higli. 16. AGROSTEMMA, L. Corn-Cockle. Calyx tubular, with 5 elongated linear deciduous lobes. Petals 5, entire, crownless. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled, .5-toothed. — Annual or bieimial pnbescent herbs, with linear leaves, and showy purple flowers on elon- gated pedimcles. 1. A. GithagO, L. Plant (l°-2° high) whitened with long appressed hairs; stem forking ; petals ol)ovate, emarginate, shorter than the lobes of the calyx. — Grain fields. Introduced. June and July. (J) — Peduncles 4' -6' long. Flowers 1' wide. Ordeu 22. MALVACE^. (Mallow Family.) Mucilaginous herbs or shrubs, with palmately veined alternate stipulate leaves, and regular monadelphous flowers on jointed peduncles. — Sepals 5, united at the base, valvate in the bud, persistent, often with a calyx- like involucel. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous, united into a column which is continuous with the claws of the petals: anthers 1-celled, opening transversely. Ovaries united into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. Styles separate or united. Seeds kidney-shaped. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo large, curved, Avith leafy cotyledons. Pubescence commonly stellate. Pollen grains hispid Synopsis. Teibe I. MALVEjE. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, 1 -few -seeded, dispo.sed in a circle around a central axis, separating at maturity from the axis and from each other. An- thers borne at the apex of the column. MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) 53 * Carpels 1 -seeded. ■*- Stigmas occupying the inner face of the styles. 1. MALVA. Carpels beakless. No process within. 2. CALLIRRHOK. Carpels beaked, and bearing a dorsal process above the seed within. •1- 1- Stigmas capitate. 3. MAliVASTRCM. Involucel 2 - 3-leaved. Ovule peritropous-ascending. Radicle inferior. 4. SIDA. Involucel none. Ovule resupinate-pendulous. Radicle superior. * * Carpels 2 - few-seeded. ' 5. ABUTILON. Carpels 1-celled. Involucel none. 6. MODIOLA. Carpels transversely 2-ceIled. Involucel 31eaved. Tribe. II. URBNE^. — Carpels half as many as the stigmas, separating at maturity. Anthers borne above the middle of the column. 7. PAVONIA. Carpels 5, dry, 1 -seeded. Involucel 5 - 15-leaved. Tribe III. HIBISCEj^. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, united and forming at ma- turity a loeulicidal capsule. Column bearing the anthers throughout, or from above the middle. 8. KOSTELETZKYA. Cells of the depressed capsule 1 seeded. 9. HIBISCUS. Cells of the globose or oblong capsule few - many -seeded. 1. MALVA, L. Mallow. Involucel 3-leaved, persisteht. Petals obeordate. Styles 9 - 20, filiform, stig- matlc on the inner face. Carpels broadly reniform, beakless, 1 -seeded, indehis- cent, disposed in a circle around the central axis, from which they separate at maturity. Embryo nearly annular. Radicle inferior. — Herbs. Leaves round- ed. Flowers axillary, not yellow. 1. M. rotundifolia, L. Stems several, prostrate; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, crenate and crenately-lobed ; flowers single or clustered, white veined with purple ; carpels even. — Around dwellings. Introduced. 1J.. 2. CALLimiHOE, Nutt. Involucel 1 -3-leaved and persistent, or none. Petals wedge-shaped, entire, or crenate. Styles as in Malva. Carpels numerous, with a short and naked beak, and a ligulate dorsal process below the beak within. Embryo curved. Radicle inferior. — Perennial herbs. Leaves palmately-lobed, or angled. Flow- ers showy, purple or whitish. 1. C. triangulata, Gray. Rough-pubescent; stem ascending from s^ perpendicular rhizoma, branching above; leaves triangular, coarsely and une- qually crenate, the lowest ones long-petioled and cordate, the upper 3 - .5-lobcd ; flowers approximate, panicled, longer than the pedicels ; involucel 3-leaved, the leaves linear ; carpels at length 2-valved. (Malva triangulata, Leavenivorth.) — Dry soil in the upper districts of Alabama to North Carolina and northwestward. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Flowers 1 ' - 1^' wide, purple. 2. C. Papaver, Gray. Rough with scattered appressed and rigid hairs; stems low, simple ; leaves 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes oblong or lanceolate, toothed or entire ; flowers few, solitary, axillary, long-peduncled ; involucel 1 - 3-leaved, or none; petals finely crenate ; carpels indehiscent. — Rich open woods. Georgia, 5* 54 MALVACEiE. (MALLOW FAMILY.) Florida, and westward. May - September. — Stems 1° high. Flowers purple, 2' wide, on peduncles which are sometimes 1° long. 3. C. alcseoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high); lower leaves triangular-cordate, incised ; the upper 5 - '-parted, laciniatc, the uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pedun- cles (rose-color or white) ; involucel none ; carpels obtusely beaked, crested and strongly wrinkled on the back. (Sida alcsEoides, Michx.) — Barren oak lands, Tennessee. 3. MALVASTRUM, Gray. Involucel 1 - 3-leaved or none. Styles 5 - 20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels beaked or bcakless, 1 -seeded. Seed ascending. Embryo curved or annular, lladicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubby plants, rough with rigid hairs. Flowers yellow. 1. M. trieuspidatum, Gray. Perennial or shrubby; stem branching: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, sen-ate, acute, petiolcd ; stipules lanceolate ; flow- ers in leafy spiked racemes ; petals obliquely truncated ; carpels 10-12, more or less distinctly 3-toothcd or awned at the apex. — South Florida. — Stems 1° high. Involucel 3-leaved. 2. M. angUStum, Gray. Annual ; stem erect, branching ; leaves lanceo- late, sparingly serrate, short-pctiolod ; stipules bristle-like ; flowers axillarj-, mostly solitary ; involucel setaceous, 2-3-lcavcd; carpels 5, circular, awnless, at length 2-valved. (Sida his]>ida, Pursh. ? E/l. ?) — South Carolina and west- ward. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Calyx enlarged in iVuit. 4. SIDA, L. Involucel none. Calyx angular. Styles .5 - 1.5. Stigmas capitate. Ovaries 1 -celled. Carpels erect, mostly 2-valved and 2-beaked at the apex, separating at maturity from each other, and from the central axis. Seed resupinate, sus- pended, 3-angled. Embryo curved. Radicle superior. — Branching herbs or shrubs, with chiefly undivided leaves, and small yellow dr reddish flowers in their axils. * Leavpx, at least the lower ones, cordate : carpels 5. 1 . S. spinosa, L. Annual, minutely pubescent ; brandies erect ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, serrate, the slender petioles often with a tubercular spine at the base, the lower ones cordate ; stipules setaceous, half as long as the petioles ; flowers single or clustered, on short erect peduncles ; carpels faintly reticulated, each pointed with two erect subulate spines. — "Waste places, Florida and north- ward. July - September. — Steins 1° - 2° high. Flowers |' wide, yellow. 2. S. SUpina, L'Her. Perennial, tomentose ; stems divided at the base into slender simple ascending or prostrate branches ; leaves all round-cordate, crenate, rounded at the apex, hoary beneath ; the slender petioles spineless at the base ; stipules minute, subulate, deciduous ; flowers solitary ; the peduncles half as long as the petioles and reflexed in fruit ; carpels downy, reticulated, almost bcakless, opening irregularly near the membranaceous base. (S. ovata, Cao. S. procumbens, Stvartz.) — South Florida. October. — Stems 6' -12' MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) 55 fong; leaves j'-l'long; the limb scarcely longer than the petiole. Flowers yellow, not half as huge as in the preceding. * * Leaves not cordate : carpels 7-12. 3. S. stipulata, Cav. Nearly smooth ; stem erect or curving ; leaves and branches distichous ; leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, unequally serrate, on short petioles ; stipules linear-subulate, longer than the petioles, smooth, per- sistent ; flowers single or clustered, on peduncles 3-4 times as long as the pe- tioles ; carpels 10, strongly reticulated, pointed with two short and incurved spines. (S. glabra, Niitt.) — Waste places and around dwellings, Florida. June - November, (i) or H. — Stems l°-3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flow- ers 1' wide, yellow, expanding at mid-day. Petals obliquely obcordate. 4. S. rhombifolia, L. Downy ; stems erect, much branched ; leaves rhombic-oblong, obtuse at each end, serrate, short-petioled, pale beneath ; stip- ules setaceous, longer than the petioles, caducous ; peduncles solitary, more than half as long as the leaves ; carpels 10-12, even, pointed with a single subulate spine, indehiscent. — Around dwellings, Florida to North Carolina and westward. July -October. ® — Stems 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers yel- low, smaller than in No. 3. 5. S. ciliaris, Cav. Rough with appressed rigid hairs ; stems prostrate ; leaves elliptical, obtuse at both ends, serrate above the middle, smooth above, the uppermost approximate ; stipules setaceous, and like the calyx fringed with long hairs ; flowers nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves ; carpels 7, strongly reticulated, pointed with two minute barbed spines. — Key West. IJ. — Stems 6' long. Leaves ^' - 1' long. Flowers small, red. 6. S. EUiottii, Torn & Gray. Perennial ; stems slender, roughish, erect, with long and straight branches ; leaves smoothish, lanceolate or linear, acute, serrate, on short petioles ; stipules setaceous ; flowers large, single ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; carpels 10- 12, strongly reticulated, truncate or slightly 2-pointed. (S. gracilis. Ell., not of Rich.) — Open woods, Florida to North Car- olina and westward. July - Octo\)er. — Stems 1° - 3° high. Leaves 1' -2' long. Flowers 1 ' wide, yellow. 7. S. Lindheimeri, Engcl. &Gray. Stem shrubby, smooth, slender, much branched ; leaves rigid, narrow-linear, obtuse, serrate, paler and downy beneath, the short petioles spineless at the base ; stipules subulate, persistent, as long as the petioles ; peduncles about as long as the leaves; carpels 10, faintly reticu- lated, pointed with two short and broad spines. — Key West. — Stems 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Petals barely exceeding the calyx in length. 5. ABUTILON, Tourn. Indiax Mallow. Involucel none. Stigma capitate. Ovaries 5 or more, 1-cellcd, 2-9-ovulcd. Carpels 1 - 6-seeded, partly 2-valved, tardily separating from each other or from the central axis. Radicle ascending. — Leaves cordate. Flowers yellow, white, or purplish. 1. A. Avicennae, Gfertn. Tomentose ; leaves round-cordate, acuminate, crenate ; peduncles axillary, 1-3 flowered, shorter than the long petioles ; car- 56 MALVACE^. (mALLOAV FAMILY.) pels 12-14, hairy, inflated, truncate, 3-sccded, witli two long and spreading spines. — Waste places chiefly in the middle and upper districts. Introduced. (J) — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 4' -6' wide. Flowers orange-red. 2. A. Hulseanum, Toit. Stem hispidly pilose ; leaves orbicular-ovate, abruptly acuminate, velvety beneath with a whitish pubescence, roughish-tomen- tose above, crenate-dentatc ; peduncles axillary in the upper leaves, several- flowered ; styles about 12. — Tampa Bay, Florida. — Leaves 3 inches or more in diameter. Flowers Ij' in diameter, purplish ; pedicels very short. 3. A. Jaequini, Don. Stem erect (2° -3°), branching, smooth or soft- downy ; leaves long-petioled, cordate or oblong-cordate, acuminate, unequally crenate, velvety on both surfaces and hoary beneath, or roughish above ; j)edun- cles solitary in the upper axils, 1 -flowered, about the length of the petioles, or the upper ones longer ; lobes of the calyx ovate or oblong, shorter than the j'ellow petals ; cai-pels 8-10, rigid, hairy, longer than the calyx, acute or beaked, 3-seeded. (A. peraffine, Shuttl. Lavatera Americana, L. Sida abutiloides, Jucq. S. lig- nosa, Cav.) — South Florida. — Flowers 9"- 12" wide. 4. A. crispum, Gray. Hoary-tomcntose ; stem sparingly branched ; leaves round-cordate, acuminate, finely crenate ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, elongated, filiform, refracted after flowering ; carpels 10, bcakless, i:;flated, cor- rugated, hispid, 2-seedcd. — Key West. — Stem slender, l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long, the upper ones nearly sessile. Peduncles as long as the leaves. Flowers 4" - 6" wide, white. 6. MODIOLA, Moench. Involucel 3-leavcd, persistent. Stamens 10- 20. Ovaries 14 -20, transversely 2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. Stigmas capitate. Carjjcls 2-valvcd, 2-seeded, sep- arating at maturity from each other and from the central axis, each valve tipped with a slender spine. — Prostrate herbs, with palmately divided leaves, and small axillary flowers. 1. M. multiflda, Moench. Hirsute; stems diffuse; leaves long-petioled, cordate-ovate, more or less deeply 5 - "-parted ; the divisions lobcd and toothed ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; carpels hispid. (Malva Caroliniana, L.) — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina and westward. July - October. U — Stems 1° -2° long. Earliest leaves orbicular, undivided. Petals red, as long as the calyx. 7. PAVONIA, Cav. Involucel .5 - 1.5-leaved, persistent. Ovaries 5, 1-celled, 1-ovulcd. Stigmas 10, capitate. Carpels indehiscent or somewhat 2-valvcd, naked or armed at the apex with three hispid awns, separating at maturity. Embryo incurved. Ead- icle inferior. — Chiefly shrubs, with petiolcd stipulate leaves, and solitary flow- ers on axillary peduncles. 1. P. LeCOntei, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched, roughish -pubes- cent ; leaves ovate or somewhat sagittate, obtusely toothed, densely pubescent MALVACEAE. (mALLOW FAMILY.) 57 and hoary beneath, rough above, longer than the petioles ; involucel of 5 - 6 ovate leaves, wliioh are slightly united- at the base; carpels obovate, awnless, strongly reticulate. — South Georgia, collected by Leconte. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Leaves !•' long. Flowers large, pale red. 8. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (Hibiscus, L. in part ) Capsule depressed, the cells 1-seeded. — Otherwise as in Hibiscus. 1. K. Virginica, Presl. Rough-hairy ; stem erect, stout, branching ; lower leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, mostly 3-lobed, the upper ones narrower and usually entire; flowers (purple) in terminal racemes. — Var. althe.'efolia. (Hibiscus althea;folius, ShuUJ. ) Densely stellate-pubescent and somcwiiat hoary ; leaves all undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed- serrate ; racemes dense-flowered ; capsule -hirsute. — Var. smilaci folia. (Hi- biscus smilacifolius, Shuttl.) Stem more slender, smoothish below; leaves all hastate, witli lanceolate serrate lobes ; racemes few-flowered. — Marshes and low grounds near the coast, Florida and northward (the varieties near Manatee, South Florida, Bugel). July - September, li — Stem 2° -4° high. Flow- ers l^'-2' wide. 9. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mallow. Involucel many-leaved or many-cleft, and, like the calyx, persistent. Stigmas 5, peltate or capitate. Capsule globose or oblong, 5-celled, loculicidally 5- valved, niany-.secded. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with petioled stipulate leaves, and large showy flowers, on axillary peduncles. * Leaves of tlie involucel forked. 1. H. aculeatus, Walt. Muricate-hispid ; leaves round-cordate, divided into 3 - .5 coarsely toothed and spreading lobes, the upper ones narrower and mostly entire ; flowers yellow, with a purple centre, short-pedunclcd ; involucel 10- 12-leaved ; capsule hispid ; seeds smooth. — Margins of swamps and ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. H. — Stems 2° -6° high. Flowers 4' wide. * * Leaves of the involucel entire. ■^ Perennial herbs : stipules deciduous. 2. H. MoscheutOS, L. Tomentose; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, toothed-serrate, mostly 3-lobcd above the middle, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, hoary beneath ; peduncles often partly adnate to the petioles ; flowers white or pale rose-color with a crimson centre ; seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Georgia, northward and westward. July. — Stems 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3' -.5' long. Flowers 4' - 5' wide. 3. H. incanus, Wcndl. Leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, not lobcd, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, hoary on both sides ; flowers pale yellow with a crimson centre, often umbellcd ; peduncles mostly free from the petioles ; capsule and seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 2° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. Flowers 6' - 8' wide. 58 BYTTNERIACE.E. (bYTTXERIA FAMILY.) 4. H. grandiflorus, Michx. Tomentose ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, mostly 3-lobed, toothed-serrate, hoary beneath ; flowers very large, pale rose- color with a deep red centre ; peduncles free from the petioles ; capsule velvety ; seeds smooth. — Marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. — Stems several from one root, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4 '-6' long and nearly the same in width. Flowers 10' - 12' wide. 5. H. Carolinianus, Muhl. ? Ell. Smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate, acu- minate, serrate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed ; flowers purple ; peduncles slightly adhering to the petioles ; seeds hispid. — On Wilmington Island, Georgia. July - Septcmbei-. ^Stems 4°-6° high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers 6' - 8'vvide. (*) 6. H. militaris, Cav. Smooth; leaves thin, on long and slender petioles, serrate, sliglitly cordate, the lower ones roundish, 3-5-lobcd, the upper ovate- lanceolate, entire or somewhat hastate, with rounded lobes ; peduncles shorter than the petioles ; calyx inflated ; corolla tubular-campanulate, pale rose-color with a red centre; seeds silky. — River-banks in tlie upper districts, and westward. July and August. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Corolla 2 j' long. 7. H. COCCineus, Walt. Smooth ; stem glaucous ; leaves long-petioled, 5-parted to the base, the lobes lanceolate, remotely toothed, with long-tapering entire tips; corolla expanding, bright scarlet; petals long-clawed; seeds pu- bescent. (H. speciosus, Ait ) — Deep marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July and August. — Stems 4° - 8° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Corolla 6' - 8' wide. Column of stamens naked below. ■>- ■*- Trees or shrubs : stipules persistent. 8. H. Floridanus, Shuttl. Hispid ; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, cre- nate-sen-ate, often cordate, and slightly 3-lobed; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla tubular-campanulate, crimson ; column of stamens exserted ; seeds woolly. ( Malvaviscus Floridanus, Nutt. ) — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 5° high, branching. Leaves ^'-1' long. Stipules subulate. Flowers 1' long. 9. H. tiliaeeus, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, slightly cre- nate, hoary-tomentose beneath ; stipules large, oblong, clasping ; involucel 9 - 10-toothed ; capsule tomentose ; seeds smooth. — South Florida. — A large tree. Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers yellow ? H. ESCULENTUS, L. (H. Collinsianus, Nutt.?) is the garden Okea. H. Sykiacus, L., the Althjea, is everywhere cultivated. To this family belongs the Cotton-plant (Gossypium, L), the numerous varieties of which are now referred to two species, viz. the Short Staple or Upland (G. album. Ham.), and the Long Staple or Sea Island (G. ni- grum, Ham.). Order 23. BYTTNERIACE^. (Byttneria Family.) Chiefly trees or shrtibs differing from Malvaceag in having definite stamens, of which those opposite the petals are usually sterile, 2-celled anthers, with smooth pollen-grains, and a straight embryo. — Ovary 3-5-cellcd, rarely 1-celled. TILIACK^, (linden FAMILY.) 59 1. AYENIA, L. Involuccl none. Calyx 5-partcd. Petals on long capillary claws, connivent over the stigma. Fertile stamens .5, alternating with 1-2 sterile ones, their fila- ments united into a pedicellate tup. Style single. Stigma ,5-angled. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-cellcd, loeulicidally .5-valved, the cells 1-seeded. — Low shrubby plants, with mniutc axillary tlowers. Capsule rough. Albumen none. 1. A. pusilla, L. Stems mostly simple, prostrate, downy; leaves (4"- 8" long) roundish or oblong, coarsely serrate; peduncles solitary, reflexed in fruit; capsule depressed, muricate. — South Florida. IJ. — Stems 6'- 12' long. Flowers purple. 2. WALTHERIA, L. Involucel 3-leaved, deciduous. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals .5, spatulatc, convolute in the bud. Stamens f), united below. Ovary 1 -celled, 2-ovulcd. Style single. Stigma penicillatc or tuberculate. Capsule 2-valved, 1-secded. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small flow- ers in axillary clusters. 1. W. Americana, L. Stem erect, villous ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or obtuse, serrate, plicate, tomentose on both suifaces ; heads of flowers globose, stalked, or subsessile and shorter than the petioles, the upper ones often spiked ; calyx hirsute ; flowers yellow. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° high, rigid. Leaves l'-2' long. Order 24. TILlACEiE. (Linden Family.) Trees, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, with decifluous stipules. Flow- ers axillary or e.xtra-axillary, hjpogynous, polyandrous. Sepals 4-5, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals 4 - 5, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct or united in clusters : anthers 2-celled, the pollen grains smooth. Style single. Stigma 4-10-Iobcd. Capsule 2 - .'j-celled, 1 -many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albu- men. Cotyledons flat, leafy. 1. TILIA, Toura. Linden. Basswood. Sepals 5. Petals .5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united in .5 clusters, with a petal-like appendage (sterile stamen) opposite each petal. Ovary .5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, 1-2- seeded. — Trees, with cordate leaves, and several-flowered axillary peduncles, which are connate below with a large ligulate veiny bract. Flowers cream-color. 1. T. Americana, L. Leaves smooth and green on both surfaces, ob- liquely cordate or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. — Mountains of Georgia and northward. June. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - 5' wide. 2. T. pubescens. Ait. Leaves hoary-tomentose on both surftxces, becom- ing smoothish above, obliquely truncate at the base, mucronate-serrate. — Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Leaves 4' - 5' wid& GO CAMELLIACKiE. (CAMELLIA KAMILY.j .'i T. heterophylla, Vent. Leaves larger (6' -8' wide), deep green above, white-tunientose beneath. — Mountains of North Carohna. — June and July. 2. CORCHORUS, L. Sepals 5. Petals .5, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, sep- arate. Style slender. Stigma dilated, crcnulate. Capsule mostly elongated, silique-like, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with alternate serrate petioled leaves, and small yellow flowers on short pedun- cles opposite the leaves. Stipules deciduous. 1- C. siliquosus, L. Stem much branched, hairj' in lines; leaves ovate and lanceolate, smooth; peduncles 1-2-flowercd; stamens nnmcrous ; capsule linear, compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Near Mobile, Alabama, and Key West. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Capsule 2' long. Order 25. CAMELLTACE^. (Camellia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypo- gynous polyandrous showy flowei's. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united at the base into a ring, or into sets placed opposite the petals, and adnate to their bases : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 2 - 5-celled, 2 - many-ovuled. Styles 2-5, distinct or united. Capsule 2 -5-celled, mostly loculicidally dehiscent. Albumen scarce or none. 1. GORDONIA, Ellis. LoklollyBat. Sepals 5, roundish, concave. Petals .5, thick, obovate, united at the base. Stamens united into 5 sets. Ovary 5-celled, with 4-8 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles united. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, woody. Seeds angular or winged. Flowers axillary. § 1. GouDONiA proper. — Stamens short, inserted into the flesh i/ 5-lol)edcup which adheres to the base of the petals ; capsule ovoid, b-valved. — Leaves coriaceous, pe^en- mul. Flowers lonp-pedtincled. 1. G. Lasianthus, L. Sepals and petals silky; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole, finely sen-ate. — Swamps in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — A tree 30° -50° high. Flowers 2' wide, white. § 2. Fraxklinia. — Stamens lonr/, distinct, inserted into the base of the petals; capsule (jhhose, loculicidally b-valved above the middle, and septiddully b-valved below. — Leaves deciduous. 2. G. pubescens, L'Herit. Sepals and petals silky; leaves obovate- oblong, sharplv serrate, white beneath; flowers short-peduncled. — Georgia and Florida, near the coast. — A small tree. Flowers 3' wide, white. OLACACE-E. (XIMENIA FAMILY.) 61 2. STUARTIA, Catesb. Sepals 5-6, silky, 1 - 2-bnicted. Petals 5-6, obovate, crenulate, silky. Sta- mens united into a ring at the base, and adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 5-celled, with two anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 5, distinct or united. Capsule ovoid, woody, 5-valved ; the cells 1 -2-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and large white or cream-colored flowers on short axillary peduncles. § 1. Stuartia. — Styles united : capsule globose : seech not margined . 1. S. Virginica, Cav. Sepals 5, roundish; petals 5, round-obovate ; leaves oval, tliin, serrulate, finely pubescent. (S. Malachodendron, L.) — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Shrub 8°- 12° high. Flowers 2' -3' wide. Stamens purple. § 2. Malachodendrobj. — Styles separate : capsule ovate, acuminate : seeds margined. 2. S. pentagyna, L'Hcr. Sepals and petals 5-6, the latter obovate, with jagged edges ; leaves oval, acute. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. May -July. — Shrub similar to the preceding, the leaves and flowers rather larger, and longer stamens. Order 26. OLACACEiE. (Ximenia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire petioled and exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or polygamous flowers, in axillary ra- cemes or corymbs. — Calyx truncate or 4 - 5-tDothed, persistent. Petals 4-5, distinct or partly united, valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly twice as many as the petals, and inserted into their bases : anthers introrse. Ovary 1 - 4-celled. Ovules few, anatropous. Style single, filiform. Fruit drupaceous, often surrounded with the enlarged calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. 1. XIMENIA, Plum. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Petals 4, united at the base, villous within. Sta- mens 8. Ovary 4-celled. the cells .3-4-ovuled. Drupe baccate; not enclosed in the calyx. — Thorny trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers axillary, single or corymbose. I. X. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves 2-3 together, oblong, obtuse, short-petioled ; peduncles 2 -4-flowered, shorter than the leaves; petals thick, lanceolate, spreading above, rusty-hairy within. — Key West. — Thorns stout, ^' long. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small, yellow. Drupe yellow, roundish, as large as a plum. Nut white, globose. Order 27. AURANTIACE^. (Orange Family.) The Orange, Lemon, and Lime (species of Citrus, L.) are com- monly cultivated in the warmer parts of the Southern States, and the 6 62 LINACE^E. (I'LAX FAMILY.) BiTTEK-swKET Oraxgk (C. VULGARIS, Risso) is Completely naturalized in some portions of .South Florida. The Pride of India, or Chixa-Tkee (Melia Azederach, L.) belongs to the allied Order Meliace^. Order 28. CEDRELACE^. (Mahogany Family,) Lofty trees, with hard and colored wood, pinnate exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous panicled flowers. — Sepals 3-5, often more or less united. Petals 3 -5, convolute in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, distinct or united into a tube, and inserted with the petals into an hypogynous disk. Ovary 3 - 5-celled, with few or many ovules in each cell. Style single. Capsule woody, 3 - 5-celled, 3 - 5-valved, the valves at length separating from the thick angular or winged axis. Seed anatro- pous, winged. Albumen fleshy or none. Cotyledons leafy. 1. SWIETENIA, L. ]\Luiogant. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10, united into a 10-toothcd tube, which encloses the 10 anthers. Style short. Stigma 5-rayed. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, with the numerous suspended seeds imbricated in two rows — A large tree, with hard reddish-brown wood. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate. Leaf- lets 6-10, opposite, entire, ovate-lanceolate, unequal 'at tiie base. Flowers greenish-yellow, iu axillary panicles. Capsule ovate, as large as an Orange. 1. S. Mahogoni, L. South Florida. Order 29. LINACEiE. (Flax Family.) Chiefly herbs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous racemose or panicled flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, per- sistent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, united at the base. Styles 4-5, rarely united. Capsule globose, splitting into five 2-seeded carpels, which are more or less perfectly 2-celled and 2-valved. Seeds anatropous, suspended. Cotjledons flat. 1. LINTTM, L. Flax. Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Capsule partly or completely 10-cclIed, the cells 1 -seeded ; seeds compressed, oily. — Stems slender. Leaves narrow and mostly alteraate. Peduncle I-flowered, borne above or opposite the leaves. 1. L. Virginianum, L. (Wild Flax.) Leaves lanceolate, acute, the lower ones opposite and ol)tuse ; flowers scattered in coiymbose racemes ; sepals smooth, ovate, acute ; styles distinct ; capsule depressed-globose, 10-cellcd. — Varies with glandular sepals, larger globose-ovate capsules, and linear leaves. — Sterile soil, Florida and northward. July. IJ. — Stem slender, often much branched, 2° high. Flowers yellow. ZYGOPIIYLLA-CE^. (bEAN-CAPER FAMILY.) 63 2. L. Boottii, Planclion. Leaves linear, acute ; flowers scattered in cymose racemes ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, fringed with glandular hairs ; styles united below the middle; capsule imperfectly 10-celled, globose. — Dry soil, North Carolina and northward. July. — Stems l°-2°high. Flowers larger than in No. 1, sulphur-yellow. 3. L. striatum, Walt. " Flowers terminal ; leaves subovate, alternate, the nerve and margins decurrent on the stem ; stem branched, striate." — South Carolina, Walter. {*) Order 30, OXALIDACEiE. (AVood-Sorrel Famiey.) Chiefly herbs, with sour juice, alternate compound leaves, and regular hypogynous decandixjus flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, per- sistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens more or less united. Styles 5, distinct. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 5-celled, the cells few-seeded. Seeds anatropous, pendulous. Embryo straight in tlie axis of flesliy albumen. Cotyledons flat. 1. OXALIS, L. WOOD-SORRKL. Capsule .5-lobcd ; the cells loculicidally dehiscent on the back, 1 - fow-sceded. Seed-coat loose and separating. — Leaves 3-foliolate. Leaflets obcordatc. 1. O. violacea, L. {Purple Wooo-Sorrel.) Stemless ; root tuber- ous ; scapes unibellatcly 4 - 6-flowerc(l ; flowers pur))le, nodding. — Ilich woods, West Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Scapes and petioles .5' -9' high. 2. O. Acetosella, L. (White Wood-Sorrkl ) Stemless; root creep- ing ; scape 1 -flowered ; flower white, veined with red. — ^lountains of North Carolina and nortliward. June. — Scape and petioles liairy, 2' - .5' high. 3. O. stricta, L (Yellow^ Wood-Sorrel.) Stems branching, leafy : peduncles axillary, 2- G-flowered, longer than the leaves; flowers yellow; ca]i- sule elongated, erect. — Dry soil, common and varying greatly. April - De- cember. ® and y. — O. recurva and 0. furcata, Ell., and 0. Lyoni, Pft., are forms of this. Order 31. ZYGOPHYI.LACE/E. (Bean-Caper Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with hard wood, opposite pinnate dotless stipu- late leaves, and regular hypogynous mostly decandrous flowers. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens distinct, often appendaged. Ovary 2-12-celled, with the styles united. Capsule composed of 2-12 indehiscent carpels, which separate from each other and often from a central axis at maturity. Embryo straight. Cotyledons flat. Radicle superior. 64 GERANIACE^. (GERANIUM FAMILY.) Synopsis. 1. TRIBULUS. Carpels 5, transversely few-celled, few-seeded. Uerbs. 2. KALLSTKOMIA. Carpels 10, 1 celled, Iseeded. Herbs. 3. GUAIACUM. Carpels 2-0, compressed. 1-seeded. Trees. 1. TRIBULUS, L. Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled, with 3-5 suspended ovules in each cell. Carpels of the fruit 5, spiny on the back, transversely divided into 2-5 one-seeded cells, separating at maturity, with- out a central axis. Albumen none. — Prostrate herbs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered. 1 . T. cistoides, L. Leaves unequal ; leaflets 6-16, linear-oblong, mucro- natc, silkv beneath ; peduncles as long as the leaA'cs ; flowers large, yellow. — Key West. — Stems l°-2° long, hairy. Petals 2-3 times as long as the calyx. 2. KALIiSTROMIA, Scop. Sepals 5-6, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-12. Ovary 10- 12-celled, the cells 1-ovulcd. Carpels of the fruit 10-12, separating from each other and from the central axis. Albumen none. — Hairy herbs, witli the habit of Tribulus. 1. K. maxima, Torr. & Gray. Leaves nearly equal; leaflets 6-8, ob- liqueh' oblong, mucronate, the terminal pair larger; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; petals as long as the bristly calyx, yellow ; carpels rugose on the back. — Key West and Savannah. — Stems 1° - 2° long. 3. GUAIACUM, Plum. Sepals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, with naked filaments. Ovary stalked, 2 -5-celled, the cells 8-10-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 2-5, compressed, 1- seeded Seed-coat fleshy. Embryo straight in hard thin albumen. — Trees. Leaflets reticulate. Flowers blue or purple. 1. G. sanctum., L. Branches opposite and forking, jointed, pubescent when young ; leaflets 6 or 8, obliquely obovate or oblong, mucronate, entire ; peduncles single or clustered at the forks of the branches, 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; sepals and petals obtuse ; flowers blue. — South Florida. — A small tree with white bark. Flowers 7' wide. Fruit obovate. Order 32. GERANIACE^. (Geranium Family.) Herbs or shrubby plants, with tumid joints, alternate or opposite pal- mately lobed stipulate leaves, and hypogynous and decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens monadelplious at the base ; the 5 exterior ones shorter and often sterile. Ovaries 5, 2-ovuIed, and, with the persistent BALSAMINACE^. (liALSAM FAMILY.) 65 styles, adnate to an elongated central axis, from which they separate elas- tically at maturity. Seed solitary, without albumen. Embryo convolute. 1. GERANIUM, Tourn. Cranesbill. Flowers regular. Stamens perfect, the inner ones with a glanrl at the base. Styles at maturity separating with the 1-seeded carpels, and coiled upward, the inner face naiced. — Herbs. Stems forking. Leaves palmately lobcd. Pedun- cles 1 -3-flowered. 1. G. maculatum, L. Perennial, erect, hairy; leaves 5 -"-parted, the divisions acutely lohod and toothed ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowercd, the tenninal ones often umbellate ; petals lai-ge, entire, 2-3 times longer than the oblong awned sepals — Open woods in the upper districts and northward. April and May. — Root tuwrous, very astringent. Stem l°-2° high. Flowers purple, 1' wide. 2. G. Carolinianum, L. Annual, generally prostrate, pubescent ; leaves 5 -"-parted, the narrow divisions obtusely lobed and toothed ; peduncles 2-flow- ered ; petals emarginate, as long as the ovate awned sepals. — Waste places, common. March and April. — Stems forking, 6'- 18' long. Flowers pale purple. Order 33. BALSAMIiVACETE. (Balsam Family.) Smooth and succident annual herbs, witli undivided exstipulate leaves, and irregular hjpogynous pentandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, colored, de- ciduous; the two inner (and upper) ones united, the lowest large and saccate. Petals 4 — 5, distinct or united. Stamens 5, coherent above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells 2 - several-ovuled. Fruit capsular or drupa- ceous. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Embryo straight, with thick cotyledons. 1. IMPATIENS, L. Jewel-Weed. Lowest sepal saccate and spurred. Petals 4, united by pairs. Filaments short, with a scale on the inner face. Capsule 5-celled, bursting elastically into 5 valves. Placenta; central, persistent. — Stems branching, somewhat pellucid. — Leaves serrate. Peduncles axillary, 1 -several-flowered. Earliest flowers fruiting in the l)ud. 1. I. pallida, Nutt. (Pale Toucii-me-not.) Leaves ovate or oval, ob- tusely serrate, membranaceous ; flowers pale yellow ; lower sepal slightly spotted. dilated, open, tipped with a short recurved spur. — Wet shady places, Georgia and northward. July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 4° high. 2. I. fulva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers deep orange; lower sepal conical, conspicuously spotted, tipped with a rather long recurved spur; otherwise like No 1, but with smaller flowers. — Shady swamps, Florida and northward. July -Sept. 6* 66 RUTACE^. (UUK FAMILY.) Order 34. RUTACE^. (Rue Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with exstipulate shnple or compound dotted leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or unisexual flowers. — Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Ovaries 2-5, distinct or united, stipitate or sessile on a glandular disk. Styles mostly united. Fruit commonly composed of separate 1 -celled 2-valved carpels. Embryo straight or curved, mostly iu fleshy albumen. 1. .ZAITTHOXYLUM, L. rRicicLT Ash. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens 3 - 5. Ovaries 2 - 5, sessile or stipitate, 2-ovulcd. Carpels 2-valvcd, 1 - 2-seeded. Seed smooth and sliining. — Trees or shrubs, commonly armed with stipular prickles. Leaves unetfually pinnate, the leaflets punctate with pellucid dots. Flowers small, greenish. 1. Z. Carolinianum, Lam. (Toothache-Tree.) Smooth; branches and commonly the petioles armed with long prickles ; leaves alternate, 7-9- foliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrulate, uncqual-sidcd, shining above ; panicles terminal; stamens 5; caqieis 3, nearly sessile. — Yar. fruticosum. Gray. Shrubby ; leaves shorter, ovate or oblong, more strongly crenate ; ova- ries always two. — Dry soil near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. June. — A small tree, with the pungent bark armed with warty jirickles. 2. Z. Floridanum, Nutt. (Satin-Wood.) Branches and petioles un- armed; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate on the fertile plant, and elliptical, obtuse or emarginate on the sterile, slightly crenulate, and like the cymose panicle stel- late-pubescent ; stamens 4 - 5 ; carpels 1-2, obovate, stipitate ; seed solitary, obovate, black and shining. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Cyme sessile, divided into three primary branches. Flowers minute. 3. Z. Pterota, H. B & K. Smooth ; branches zigzag, armed with short curved prickles; petiole winged, jointed; leaflets 7-9, small, obovate, coria- ceous, crenate above the middle, sessile ; flowers in axillarj- clusters, which are single or by pairs, as long as the first joint of the petiole ; stamens 4 ; ovaries 2 ; carpels solitary, globose, pitted, distinctly stipitate. — South Florida. — Leaf- lets h' - i' long, those on the fertile plant narrower and smaller. Carpels small, dotted. 2. PTELEA, L. Hoptree. Flowers polygamous. Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, decidu- ous. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Style short. Stigma 2-lobcd. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, surrounded by a broad circular reticulated wing. — Unarmed shrubs, with trifoliolate leaves, and small greenish flowers in a terminal cyme. 1. P. trifoliata, L. Pubescent; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oval or oblong, mostly acute, obscurely crenulate, paler beneath, the lateral ones unequal- bt;rseraceyK. (torcii-'wood family.) G7 sided ; filaments 4 - 5, densely villous below the middle, longer tlinn the style in the sterile flowers, shorter in fertile ones. — Roeky banks, Florida and northward. May and Jmie. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Fruit I'wide. 2. P. mollis, M. A. Curtis. "Lateral leaflets oval, the terminal ob- ovate, witii an abrupt acute point, the under side, with the petioles, panicles, and young branches, clothed with a soft whitish silky villus ; cymes compact, with short branches ; style long ; filaments equalling the anthers." — Low country of North and South Carolina (Curt/s). — Leaves smaller and more rigid than in No. 1, the style twice as long. Stamens 4. 3. P. Baldwinii, Ton-. & Gray. Leaves very small, glabrous ; leaflets sessile, oval, obtuse, the terminal one cuneiform at the base ; flowers tetrandrous ; style none. — East Florida. — Shrub 1° high, with numerous short and scraggy branches. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers smaller thau in No. 1. Order 35. SIMARUBACEiE. (Quassia Family.) Trees or shrubs, with bitter milky juice, jiinnate oxstipulate alternate and (lotlc'ss leaves, and regular liypogynous perfect or polygamous flowers. — Caly.x 4 - 5-parted or 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 4-5, deciduous. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted on a lijpogy- nous disk. Ovary composed of 4 - o distinct or united carpels, witli a sol- itary anatrojious suspended ovule in each. Fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded. Seeds with a membranaceous coat. Albumen none, lladiclc su2)erior, included in the cotyledons. 1. SIMAPvUBA, Aublet. Quassia. Flowers moncecious or dioecious. Calyx 4 - .5-toothcd. Petals 4 - .5, spread- ing. Stamens 8- 10, with the filaments inserted on the back of a ciliate scale. Ovaries 4-5, surrounded by 8-10 scale-Fike rudiments of stamens. Styles eon- nivent ; the stigmas spreading. Drupes 1-5. — Trees. Leaves abniptly pin- nate, with alternate and entire leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in lateral and terminal panicles. 1. S. glauca, DC. Smooth throughout; flowers dioecious; stigmas .5, subulate, spreading ; leaflets 4-8, alternate and opposite, coriaceous, obovate or oblong, obtuse, paler beneath ; drupe oval, mostly solitary. — South Florida. — A large tree. Order 30. BURSERACE^. (Torcii-^Vood Family.) Trees or shrubs, -with resinous juice, unequally pinnate or trifoliolate commonly dotted leaves, and small regular flowers in a.xillary or terminal racemes or panicles. — Calyx free from the 1 - 5-celled sessile ovary, 2 - 5-!obed, persistent. Petals 2 - o, alternate with the calyx-lobes, and 68 ANACARDIACE.E. (CASIIKW FAMILY.) inserted under an orbicular or annular disk at the bottom of the calyx, mostly valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and in- serted with them ; anthers introrse. Ovules anatropous, pendulous, mostly two in each cell. Stigmas 1-5. Fruit drupaceous, dry; the peri- carp) often sjjlitting into valves. Albumen none. Radicle superior. 1. BURSERA, Jiicquin. Flowers polygamous. Sterile Fl Calyx .3 - .5-parte(l. Petals 3-5, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6- 10. Disk crenulate. Fertile Fl. Calyx S-parted. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, 3-cclled. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Drupe oblong, 1-seeded ; the pericarp 3yalvcd. Cotyledons wrinkled. 1. B. gummifera, Jacquln. Leaves alternate, 3 - 9-foliolate, long-peti- olcd, deciduous ; leaflets stalked, opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers small, whitish, in axillary racemes ; drape purplish. — South Florida. — A large tree. 2. AMYRIS, L. ToRcii-WooD. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-partcd. Petals 4, narrowed at the base, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8, shorter than the petals, hypogynous. Ovary 1 -celled. Stigma capitate. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. Cotyledons ]jiano-convex. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves 3 - 7-foliolate, opposite, with glandular pellucid dots. Flow- ers paniclcd, white. 1. A. Floridana, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves petioled, trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, otitusc, entire, on slender stalks ; branches of the panicle opposite ; drupe, like the flowers, dotted. — South Florida. — A sin-ub or small tree. Leaflets \'-\^' long, shining above Flowers yellowish-white. Ordkr 37. ANACARDIACEiE. (Cashew Family.) Trees or shrubs, with milky or resinous juice, alternate exstipulate dot- less leaves, and perfect or polygamous regular flowers. — Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the petals, or twice as many, and inserted with them into the base of the calyx. Ovary solitary, with a single ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. Radicle curved. 1. RHUS, L. ScMACH. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, inserted with the 5 stamens on the disk which sur- rounds the ba.se of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Drupe dry. Radicle superior, in- curved. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate, rarely simple. Flowers small, greenish, in spikes or panicles. ANACARDIACE.E. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 69 * Floicers polygamous, in a dose termbwl panicle: drupe red, hah-y : leaves pinnate. (Not poisonous.) 1. R. typhina, L. Branches, petioles, and drupes villous ; leaflets 17 -21, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, pale beneath. — Dry hill-sides, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. June and July. — A shrub or small tree. 2. E,. glabra, L. Smooth and glaucous; leaflets 17-31, oblong-lanceo- late, serrate, acuminate, white beneath. — Open woods in dry rich soil, West Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — A shrub 6° - 10° high. Peti- oles terete. 3. R. eopallina, L. (Sumach ) Branches and wing-margined petioles tomentose ; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, mostly entire, smooth above, paler and downy beneath ; panicle often large and spread- ing. — Margins of fields and open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — A shioib or small tree. 4. R. pumila, Michx. Low, procumbent ; branches and petioles tomen- tose ; leaflets 11-13, oval or oblong, acute, coarsely serrate, pale and tomentose beneath. — Pine barrens, Georgia to North Carolina. — Branches 1° high. * * Flowers diacious, in loose axillurij panicles : drupe whitish, smooth : leaves pin- nate and trifoliolate. — {Juice poisonous.) 5. R. venenata, DC. (Poison Elder.) Smooth; leaves pinnate ; leaf- lets 7 - 13, ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, entire ; panicles long- peduncled, narrow, erect. (R. Vernix, L.) — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — A shrub 8°- 12° high. 6. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Oak. Poison Ivy.) Branches and petioles smooth ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate ; panicle small, spreading. Var. 1. quercifoliuxa, Michx. Stems low, erect; leaflets mostly vari- ously lobed. — Dry pine barrens. Var. 2. radicans, Torr. Stems climbing by rootlets ; leaflets toothed or entire, rarely lobcd, more or less pubescent. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. * * * Flowers diacious, in loose panicles : drupe oblong, smooth, scarlet : nut char- tacfous : seeds arillate : leaves pinnate. 7. R. Metopium, L. Smooth; leaflets 3-7, coriaceous, long-stalked, ovate or elliptical, acuminate, entire ; panicle narrow, as long as the leaves ; calyx-lobes yellowish-white ; petals and stamens 5. — South Florida. — A tree 15° -20° high. * * * * Flowers dioecious, in short hracted spikes, appearing with the leaves : drupe red, hairy : leaves trifoliolate. 8. R. aromatica. Ait. Stem low, smooth.; leaflets ovate, or the termi- nal one obovate, obtuse, pubescent when young, toothed above the middle ; spikes single or clustered, spreading. — Dry open woods, West Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. March and April. — Shrub l°-2° high. Spikes 1' long. — Plant aromatic, not poisonous. 70 VITACEiE. (vine FAMILY.) ***** Plowers perfect, in an open panicle, the pedicels mostly ahortivf, elongal- in(j, and plumose : drupe smooth. 9. R.. COtinoides, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves simple, membranaceous, oval, obtuse, entire, acute at the base, the upper ones long-petiolcd ; panicle nearly sessile, narrow, with erect branches ; flowers minute. — Interior of Alabama, Biickleij. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' - 4' long. OuDER 38. VITACEiE. (Vine Family.) Climbing shrubs, with watery juice, opposite stipulate leaves, and small greenish flowers in panicled clusters opposite the leaves. — Calyx minute, trurfcated. Petals 4-5, hypogynous or perigynous, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4 - 5, opposite the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules in each cell. Style short or none : stigma slightly 2-lobed. Berry 1 - 4-seeded. Seeds anatropous, bony. Embryo minute at the base of hard or fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior. — Leaves simple or compound. Tendrils opposite the leaves. Flowers perfect or polygamous, 1. VITIS, L. Vine. Grape. Petals distinct, or remaining united at the apex and separating at tlie base, inserted into a 4-.5-lobed or cup-shaped disk which sunounds the ovary. § 1. Cissus. — FLowers perfect: petals and stamens 4-5: stijle conspicuous: stigma minute : leaves simple or compound. 1. V. bipinnata, Toit. & Gray. Leaves bipinnate, smoothish ; leaflets small, ovate, sharply toothed; flowers somewhat cymose, on a long forking peduncle ; petals 4-5, united at the apex, separating at the base ; style conical ; disk 4 - 5-lobed ; berry 2 - 4-seeded. ( Ampelopsis bipinnata, Midix.) — Margins of swamps, Florida and northward. June and July. — Tendrils none. Leaflets 1' long. Berry small, black. 2. V. acida, L. Branches geniculate ; leaves trifoliolate, thick and rigid ; leaflets small, cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed at the apex; flowers in com- pound umbels ; petals 4, united at the apex, separating at the base ; style slen- der; disk cup-shaped, entire; berry black, 1 -seeded. — Key West. — Tendrils stout and elongated. Leaflets h' long Branchlets and peduncles flattened and elongated. Leaves and parts of the panicle separating in drying, as also m the next species. 3. V. incisa, Nutt. Smooth; stem climbing, warty; leaves trifoliolate, very thick and fleshy ; leaflets stalked, wedge-shaped and entire near the base, the lateral ones 2-lobed, the middle 3-lobed, all mucronate-toothed or sen-ate ; berry (purple) globose-ovate, nodding, pointed with the conspicuous slender style, 1 -seeded. —Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, West Florida and westward. Fruiting in November. — Stem 6° -12° long. Leaflets l'-3' long. Panicles cymo.se. BeiTy 5' - 6" long. Flowers not seen. VITACE^. (vine family.) 71 4. V. indivisa, Willd. Leaves simple, undivided, ovate, truncate, or cor- date at the base, acuminate, tootlied-sen-ate, pubescent; peduncles forking; petals and stamens 5 ; style slender; disk cup-shaped ; berry 1 -3-seeded. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high. Berry small, black. ^ 2. VlTiS. — Mowers poli/'/fiwoiis: petals 5, coherliirj at the top, free at the base: stamens 5 : style short : dts/c thick, 5-lubed : leaves simple, curdate, tiUire or variously lobed. * Leaves and branches woolly. 5. V. Labrusea, L. (Fox-GRArE ) Leaves broadly cordate, angularly 3 - .5-lobed, mucronatc-serrate, very woolly when young, at length smoothisli above; fei'tile panicles or racemes few-flowered; berry large. — River-swamps, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. May and June. — Leaves 4' - 6' wide. Berry ^ in diameter, purple or whitish, pleasant-flavored. 6. V. Caribsea, DC Leaves round-cordate, with a broad and shallow sinus, entire or 3-labed, wavy-serrate, acute or acuminate, soon smooth above, the lower surface, like the branches, petioles, and panicles, clothed with soft asli- colored down ; panicles equalling or longer than the leaves ; pedicels smooth. ("V. coriacca, Shuttl.l a form with smaller and more rigid leaves.) — South Florida. Berry h' in diameter. 7. V. aestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Leaves broadly cordate, entire or 3- 5-lubed, or on young plants pinnatifid, mucronate-serrate, covered with a loose cobwebby down, at length smooth or nearly so on both sides ; pani- cles long, many-flowered ; berry small. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 4' -7' wide. Panicle 6' -12' long, compound. Berry deep blue, very austere. * * Leaves and branches smoothish. 8. v. COrdifolia, Michx. (Frost Grape.) Leaves thin, broadly cor- date, entire or slightly 3-lobcd, mucronate-serrate; pubescence, when present, soon vanishing; panicles compound, many-flowered; berry small. — River- swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Leaves 3' - 6' wide. Berry almost black, very acid. — A form with broader incisely lobed and toothed leaves is V. riparia, Michx. 9. V. VUlpina, L. (Muscadine Bullace.) Leaves broadly cordate, toothed-serrate, smooth and glossy on both sides, or rarely, like the branches, pubescent, the sinus at the base broad and rounded, or nan-ow and acute ; panicle small; berry large. (V. rotundifolia, Mc/^r.) —Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high, with pale and smooth bark. Leaves 2' -3' wide. Beny ^'-i'in diameter, purple, plea.sant- flavorcd. — A form with smaller leaves and berries, the latter very austere, is sometimes called the Mustang Grape. 2. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Petals distinct, spreading, concave. Disk none. — Leaves digitate. Flowers clustered, in corymbose panicles. 72 EHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 1. A. quinquefolia, Michx. (Virginiak Creeper.; — Low grounds, Florida and northward. June. — Stem climbing by lateral tendrils. Leafleta 5, oblong-obovate, serrate above the middle, smooth. Beny small, dark-blue. Order 39. RHA3INACli:^. (Buckthorn Family.) Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly stipulate leaves, and small regular perigynous greenish or whitish flowers. — Sepals 4-5, united below, val- vate in the bud. Petals alternate with the sepals, concave or hooded, sometimes wanting. Stamens opposite the petals, and inserted with them into the margin of a fleshy disk, which lines the base of the calyx. Ovary 1-4-celled, with a solitary erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Style single. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo iai'ge, in the axis of scanty fleshy albumen. Kadicle inferior. Synopsis. * Drupe baccate, 1 - 2-ce)led. Ovary immersed in the disk. 1. SCXJTIA. Petals 5, or none. Drupe 1-celled. Calyx adnate to the base of the ovary. 2. BERCHEMIA. Petals 5. Drupe 2-celled. Calyx free. * * Drupe baccate, separating into 2-4 nutlets. 3. SAGERETIA. Leaves opposite. Nutlets 3. Flowers spiked. 4. RHAMNUS. Leaves alternate. Seed furrowed on the back. Flowers clustered. 6. FRANGULA. Leaves alternate. Seed not furrowed. Flowers umbelled. * * * Drupe at length dry, separating into 3 nutlets. 6. CEANOTHUS. Flowers corymbed. Calyx white. Nutlets 2-valved. 7. COLUBRINA. Flowers cymose. Calyx green. Nutlets opening at the iAner angle. 8. GOUANIA. Flowers spiked. Woody vines. SCUTIA, Commers. Calyx-tube hemispherical or pitcher-shaped, with ."j acute lobes. Petals 5, in- serted into the margin of the disk, short-elawed, sometimes Wanting. Ovary adhering to the disk below, 2 - 3-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Style single, conical. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Fruit 1-celled, or separating into 2-3 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds without albumen. Radicle very short. — Shrubs, with alternate or opposite coriaceous entire 2-stipulate leaves, and small axillary flowers in simple umbels. 1. S. ferrea, Brongn. Spineless; mature leaves coriaceous, opposite or alternate, elliptical or obovate, emarginate, obtuse at the base, short-petioled ; stipules by pairs, ovate, minute ; flowers clustered, axillary, on short pedicels ; calyx-tube 5-angled, the lobes ovate ; ovary immersed in the thick 5-lobed disk, 2-celled, with an ascending ovule in each cell ; style very short ; stigmas 2, thick, erect; drupe 1-celled, 1-secded. (Rhamnus ferreus, Vuhl. Zizyphus emargina- tus, Su-artz) — South Florida. — Branches opposite, whitish. • Leaves pale, 1 'long. RHAMNACEiE. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 73 2. BERCHEMIA, Neck. Scpple-Jack. Calyx 5-clcft, the tube hemispherical. Petals 5, sessile, concave, as long as the calyx. Ovary free, 2-celled, half immersed in the fleshy disk. Styles united. Stigmas 2. Drupe oblong, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Erect or twining shrubs, with alternate pinnately-veined leaves, with minute stipules, and small greenish axil- laiT or panicled flowers. 1. B. volubilis, DC. Stem twining; leaves oblong, acute, wavy on the margins, glossy above, the simple veins oblique ; flowers in small terminal pan- icles ; drupe purple. (Zizyphus volubilis, Willd.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. 3. SAGERETIA, Brongn. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube hemispherical, the lobes carinate within. Petals obo- vate, shorter than the calyx, concave. Ovaiy free, 3-celled. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Drupe baccate, composed of three even 1-seeded indchiscent nutlets. Seeds not grooved. Cotyledons flat. — Slender trailing shrubs, with opposite branches and leaves, and minute whitish spiked flowers. 1. S. Michauxii, Brongn. Stem vine-like (6° -18° long), with spine- like spreading branches ; leaves (1' long) nearly sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, finely serrate, smooth and shining, persistent ; spikes slender, interrupted, mostly panicled ; petals minute ; drupe dark-purple, globose. (Rhamnus minu- tiflorus, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil along tht, coast, Florida to North Carolina. September. — Drupes pleasantly acid. 4. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthorn. Calyx 4 - .5-cleft, the tube urceolate, lined with a thin disk. Petals small, ob- ovate, concave, often wanting. Ovary free, 2 - 4-celled. Styles united below. Stigmas 2-4. Drupe baccate, composed of 2-4 somewhat dehiscent nutlets. Seeds grooved on the back. Raphe dorsal. Cotyledons leafy, revolute. — Shnibs, with alternate stipulate finely veined leaves, and small axillary clustered polygamous or dioecious greenish flowers. 1 . R. lanceolatus, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, or those of the flowering branches oblong and obtuse, serrulate ; flowers clustered, on short pedi- cels, with long styles, or the more fruitful ones scattered on longer pedicels, and with short styles ; petals emarginate ; drupe 2-seeded. — Hills and river-banks, in the upper districts, Alabama and northward. June. — A tall shrub. Drupes black, as large as a grain of pepper. 5. FRANGULA, Tourn. Seeds not grooved. Raphe lateral. — Leaves strongly parallel-veined. Flow- ers perfect. Otherwise as in Rhamnus. 1. F. Caroliniana, Gray. (Carolina Buckthorn.) Leaves oblong, -v.-avy and finely serrulate on the margins, the slender petioles and many-flowered short-stalked umbels pubescent ; petals 5, minute ; stigmas 3 ; drupe globose, 7 74 RHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 3-seeded. (Rhamnus Carolinianus, Walt.) — Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina and westward. June. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 6. CEANOTHUS, L. Jersey Tea. Calyx colored, 5-cleft, with the tube adnate to the ovary and persistent, the lobes connivent, deciduous. Petals 5, longer than the calyx, hooded, long-clawed. Stamens exserted. Style 3-parted. Drupe dry, composed of three 2-valved 1-seeded nutlets. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. — Shrubby plants, with alternate serrulate minutely stipulate 3-ribbed leaves, and small flowers in lateral and terminal corymbs or panicles. 1. C. Americanus, L. Branches pubescent ; leaves deciduous, variable in size, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate, more or less pubescent, petioled ; peduncles elongated, mostly 2-leaved above. — Dry woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July. — Plant shrubby, l°-2°high. Leaves 3-ribbed, varying from f (C. Intermedius, Ell.) to 3' long, often nearly smooth (C. herbaceus, Raf.). Flowers and pedicels white. 2. C. microphyllus, Michx. Stem erect, diff'usely much-branched ; leaves perennial, small, obovate, slightly crenate, 3-ribbed, glossy above, with scattered hairs beneath ; those in the axils clustered; corymbs small, terminal. — Dry barrens, Florida and Georgia, and westward. April and May. — Shrub l°-2° high, yellowish. Leaves 2"-3" long. Pedicels and flowers white. Drupe black. 3. C. serpyllifolius, Nutt. Decumbent, diffusely branched ; branches filiform ; leaves very small, ovate-elliptical, serrulate, obtuse, the lower surface, as well as the petioles, strigose ; peduncles axillary; flowers few, in a simple corj-mbose head. — Near St. Mary's, Georgia. — Leaves 3" -5'' long. Pe- duncles 12-15-flo\vered. 7. COLUBRINA, Rich. Calvx herbaceous, with spreading lobes. Nutlets opening at the apex and down the inner angle. Embryo in thin albumen. Otherwise chiefly as in Ce- anothus. — Tropical shrubs, with alternate parallel-veined leaves, and small flowers in close axillary cymes. 1. C Americana, Nutt. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, entire, tiie lower surface, as also the branches and calyx, covered with a dense rust-colored pubescence ; cyme small, shorter than the petiole ; petals spatulate, emarginate, shorter than the calyx ; drupe 3-lobed. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Drupe 4" in diameter. 8. GOUANIA, Jacquin. Ch.4^wstick. Calyx 5-cleft, partly adnate to the ovary, the lobes spreading. Petals 5, shorter than the calyx, and inserted into the sinuses of the 5-lol)ed disk which lines its tube, hooded, and enclosing the short stamens. Ovary 3-cclled, 3-ovuled. Style 3-clcft. Drupe dr}', 3-lobed or 3-winged, separating from the central axis celastracejE. (staff-tree family.) 75 into three valveless nutlets. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen. — Tropical, chiefly climbing shrubs, with alternate stipulate toothed leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers in terminal spiked clusters. 1- G. Domingensis, L. Branches pubescent; leaves oblong-ovate, ta- pering into an obtuse point, serrate, petioled ; spikes elongated, bearing a tendril at the base; drupe globose, 3-winged. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 4' long Flowers minute, yellow. Lobes of the disk eraarginate. Order 40. CELASTRACE^. (Staff-tree Family.) Shrubs, with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular flowers. — Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4 — .'), alternate with the petals, and inserted with them on the disk which fills the bottom of the calyx. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with 1 - several erect ovules in each cell. Styles united. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Seeds often arilled. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. — Flowers perfect or ])olygamous. Synopsis. » Fruit a 1 -2-seeded drupe. 1. MTGINDA. Ovary 4-celled. Stigmas 4. Brupe 1-seeded. Leaves opposite. Flowers perfect. 2. SCII^EFFERL\. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Drupe 2-seeded. Leaves alternate. Flowers dioecious. * * Fruit a 3 - 5-valved capsule : seeds arilled. 3 EU0NYMU3. Flowers perfect, in axillary cymes. Calyx flat. Leaves opposite. 4. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous, in terminal racemes. Calyx cup-shaped. Capsule globose. Leaves alternate. 5. MAYTENUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx flat. Capsule 3-angled. Leaves alternate. 1. MYGINDA, Jacq. Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, united below. Petals 4, roundish. Stamens 4. Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule in each cell. Style short, 4-cleft. Drupe 1-cellcd, 1-sceded. Seed erect. Embryo in thin albumen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle inferior. — Tropical shrubs, with small opposite coriaceous leaves, and minute white or reddish flowers on axiUary forking peduncles. 1. M. Rhacoma, Swartz. Branches slender, pubescent, angled ; leaves ob- long, obtuse, crenate, nearly sessile, paler and often discolored beneath ; pedun- cles filiform, sliorter than the leaves, cymosely 2-4-flowercd ; calyx-lobes round, pubescent; petals oval, concave, ciliate ; stigmas spreading ; drupe obovate. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves j'- 1' long, glabrous. 2. M. ilicifolia, Lam. Branches terete, pubescent ; leaves smooth, round- ovate, spiny-toothed, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than the- leaves, umbel- lately 3 - 4-flowered ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals rounded ; drupe obovate, pointed with the persistent style. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves ^'-l' lonK. 76 CELASTRACE^. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 3. M. ^ latifolia, Swartz. Smooth ; branchlets 4-angled ; leaves opposite, coriaceous, obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, narrowed at the hm-c into a short petiole, the margins revolute and obscurely crenate ; cymes axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves, widely spreading, few-flowered, or in the more sterile plant many-flowered ; sepals roundisli.much shorter than the oblong petals; disk witli four emarginate lobes alternating with the stamens; ovary 2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell ; stigma sessile, 2-iobed ; drupe ovoid, 1 -seeded; embryo large, in thin albumen. — South Florida. — Shrub 8° - 10° high. Leaves 1' long. 2. SCHJEFFERIA, Jacq. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4, barely united at the base, rounded, 3-fuiTowcd. Petals 4, spatulate-oblong, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-sceded. Embryo iji oily albumen. Radicle inferior. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves and small greenish flowers in axillary clusters. 1. S. frutescens, Jacq. Smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, acute or obtuse ; flowers 3-5 in a cluster, the slender pedicels arising from a wart-like peduncle ; drupe globose. — Soutli Florida. — A small tree with hard and close- grained wood. Leaves 1 i' long, pale green. 3. EUOIfYMUS, L. Si-indlk-tree. Flowers perfect. Calyx flat, 4-5-cIeft. Petals 4 -.5, spreading. Stamens 4 - .5, very short, inserted with the petals under the broad and fleshy disk which surrounds the ovary. Ovary 3-5-celled, with 2 erect or resupinate ovules in each cell. Style very short. Capsule 3-5-eelled, loculicidally 3-5-valved. Seed enclosed in a red pulpj' aril. — Erect or trailing shrubs, with 4-angled branches, opposite serrate leaves, and greenish or purplish flowers in axillary pedunded cymes. 1. S. Americanus, L. (Strawberry Bush) Flowers greenish, pentamerous ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; capsule warty ; leaves short-petioled, varying from ovate or obovate to linear-lanceolate, serrulate. — Low shady woods, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 2. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. Flowers purple, tetramerous ; peduncles many-flowered ; capsule smooth ; leaves oblong, on rather long petioles, serru- late. — River-banks, Florida and northward. May and June. — Shrub 8°- 12° high.. Leaves 2' -5' long. Flowers dark purple. 4. CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals .'5, spreading. Stamens .5, inserted with the petals into the edge of the cup-shaped fleshy disk which fills the tube of the calyx, abortive in the fertile flower. Ovary 2-4- celled, the cells 2-oviiled. Style thick. Capsule globose, commonly 3 celled STAPHYLKACE^. (bLADDER-NUT FAMILY.) 77 and 3-valvcd. SeeJs 1 - 2 in eacli cell, enclosed in a fleshy scarlet aril. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — Climbing shrubs, \vith alteraate leaves, and small gi-eenish flowers in axillary or tcnninal racemes. 1. C. scandens, L. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate, smooth ; racemes terminating the branches, nearly simple ; capsule orange- colored. — Woods and banks of streams along the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. 5. MAYTENUS, Jus.s- Flowers polygamous. Calyx flat, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5, very short, inserted with the petals under the edge of the flat circular disk which envelops the ovary. Ovary 2-3-celle- -I- Legume exserted. 10. AMORPIIA. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Wings and keel none. * « * ♦ Stamens mostly diadelphous. Legume 1 - many-seeded, 1-celled, 2-valved. Leaves pinnate. H- Trees or shrubs. 11. ROBINIA. Legume flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 12. WISTARIA. Legume nearly terete, coriaceous, contracted between the seeds. Twining shrubs. ^- -f- Herbs. 13. TEPHROSIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum large. Legume compressed, many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 14. INDIOOFERA. Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Vexillum small. Legume terete or angled, 2 - many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 15. GLOTTIDIUM. Calyx truncate. Legume oblong, 2-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate. 16. SESBANIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Legume very long and slender, many-seeded. Leaves abruptly pinnate. » » • * # Stamens diadelphous. Legume 2-ceUed lengthwise, or 1-celled, with one of the sutures turned inward. Leaves pinnate. 17. ASTRAGALUS. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume tumid. Tribe II. VICIEjE. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing vines ; the petioles of the pinnate leaves ending in a tendril. 18. TICIA. Style filiform, bearded at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. 19. LATHYRUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Tribe in. HEDYSARE^E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume sepa- rating transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent reticulated joints, or 1-jointed. — Stems not twining. * Flowers yellow. 20. ^SCHYNOMENE. Leaves pinnate. Stamens diadelphous (5 & 5). Flowers perfect. 21. ZORNIA. Leaves palmately compound. Legume 2 -5-jointed. Flowers perfect. 22. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves trifoliolate. Anthers of 2 forms. Flowers monoecious. 23. CHAPMANNIA. Leaves pinnate. Anthers alike. Flowers monoecious. * * Flowers white or purplish. 24. LESPESEZA. Legume 1-jointed. Peduncles axillary. 88 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 25. DESMODIUM. Legume 2 - 6-jointed, bristly. Racemes terminal. Tribe IV. PHASEOtiE^. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1;. Leg- ume 2valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy ; usually raised above ground in germination. — Chiefly twining vines. * Ovary 1 - 2-ovuIcd. 26. RHYNCIIOSIA. Legume oblong. Flowers yellow. Leaves trifoliolate. * * Ovary few or many-ovuled. ■I- Keel spirally twisted 27. API03. Leaves pinnate, not stipellate. 28. PUASEOLUS. Leaver trifoliolate, stipellate. •(- ^- Keel straight. Leaves trifoliolate (except one species of Galactia). ■w- Legume terete, torulose. 29. VIGNA. Flowers yellow. Texillum roundish. Stems twining. 80. ERYTHRINA. Flowers scarlet. Vexillum narrow, elongated. Stems erect. ', ++ ++ Legume flattened. = Bracts opposite. Vexillum very large. 31. CLITORIA. Calyx tubular, 6-toothed. Vexillum spurless at the base. 32. CENTROSEMA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Vexillum spurred at the base. = = Bracts alternate. 33. AMPHICARPiEA. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Flowers of two kinds. Bracts persistent. 34. GALACTIA Calyx 4-cleft. Bracts deciduous. Legume linear. 35. CANAVALIA, Stamens monadelphous. Calyx bilabiate. Ililum linear. Legume three- ridged on the back. 36. DOLICHOS. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Hilum oval. Tribe V. DAIeaves pinnate. 44. GLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous, almost regular. Calyx 3- 5parted. Leaves pin- nate and bipinnate. Suborder III. MIMOSE^E. Corolla regular, hypogynous, valvate in the bud. Stamens distinct or united, often very numerous, inserted with the petals. Embryo straight. — Leaves pinnate or 2 - 3-pinnaie. Flow- ers polygamous. LKGUMINOS/E. (I'ULSE FAMILY.) 89 * Flowers perfect and stamioate. Petals united. 45. MIMOSA. Filaments distiuct. Legume jointed, flat. 46. SCHKANKIA. Filaments distinct. Legume not jointed, echinate. 4T. PITHECOLOBIUM. Filaments united into a tube below Legume broad and flat, mealy or pulpy within » * Flowers perfect and neutral. Petals distinct. 48 DESMANTHUS. Sterile filaments filiform. Legume linear, many-seeded. 49. NEPTUNIA. Sterile filaments flat or petal-like Legume oblong, few-seeded. Suborder I. PAPILIO]\ACE^. Pulse Family. 1. CROTALARIA, L. Rattle-box. Calyx 5-lobed. Vexilluni cordate : keel falcate. Stamens monadelphons. Anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Capsule inflated, oblong, many- seeded. — Low herbs, with simple leaves ; the upper ones with broad decurrent inversely sagittate stipules. Racemes opposite the leaves. Flowers yellow. Legumes dark-purple. 1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual ; stems low, branching, shaggy vith rust- colored spreading hairs ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or oldong, hairy ; racemes short, 2 - 3-flowered. — Barren sandy soil, Florida and northward. June and July. — Stem 3' - 6' high. Racemes 2' - 3' long. 2. C. OValis, Pursh. Perennial ; stems several, branching, prostrate or as- cending, rough with appresscd hairs ; leaves short-pctiolcd, oval or oblong, hairv ; racemes long, 3 - 6-flo\vercd — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -July. — Stem 6' -12' high. Racemes 4' -6' long. Flowers distant. 3. C. Purshii, DC. Perennial ; stems slender, erect, roughened with scat- tered 'appressed hairs ; leaves thick, smooth above, the lower ones oblong, the upper linear ; racemes long, 5 - 10-flowered. — Flat grassy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May and June. — Stem 12'- 18' higli. Ra- cemes 6' -1 2' long. Flowers distant. 2. LUPINUS, Tourn. Lupine. Calyx 2-lippcd, 5-toothed. Vexillum with the sides reflexed. Keel falcate, acute. Stamens monadelphous, with alternate anthers oblong and roundisli. Capsule oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the seeds often separated by cellular partitions. — Herbs, with simple or palmately 5 -many-foliolate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal racemes. 1. L. perennis, L. Stem pubescent, erect; leaves palmately 7-9-folio- late ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, more or less hairy ; stipules minute ; ra- cemes long, loosely many-flowered ; flowers purplish or purplish-blue, rarely white. — Var. gracilis (L. gracilis, Nutt.) is a more slender and hairy form, with smaller and narrower, often acute leaflets. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Missi sippi, and northward. April and May. \\. — Stem 1°- l^^ high. 2. L. villosus, Willd. — Biennial ; villous and hoary ; stems thick, pros- trate or ascending; leaves simple, lanceolate-oblong, mostly acute, long-petioled ; 8* 90 LEGIJMINOS^. (PL'LSE FAMILY.) Stipules linear-subulate, elongated, adnate below to the petioles ; racemes erect, densely many-flowered ; flowers pale red, the vexiilum dark purple in the centre ; legume very woolly. — Dry sandy barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems l°-2° long. Leaves (with the petiole) 6' -8' long. 3. L. dififusus, Nutt. Perennial ; silky-tomentose and hoary ; stems pros- trate or erect, much branched ; leaves simple, oblong or obovate, obtuse, short- petioled ; stipules short, often wanting on the branches ; racemes many-flowered ; flowers blue, the vexiilum dark purple in the centre ; legume woolly. — Dry sand-ridges, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stems 1°- 2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 3. MEDICAGO, L. Calyx 5-clcft ; the lobes subulate or setaceous. Corolla deciduous. Vexiilum longer than the partly united wings and keel. Stamens 10, diadclphous (9 & 1), equal. Style smooth. Legume falcate or coiled, 1 -many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules adnate to the petioles, mostly incised. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. 1. M. lupulina, L. Pubescent ; stem procumbent ; leaflets obovate, toothed ; stipules nearly entire ; spikes globose, many-flowered ; flowers mi- nute ; legumes reniform, 1 -seeded, black. — AVaste places, Florida and north- ward. Introduced. Q) — Stem l°-2° long. 4. MELILOTUS, Toum. Melilot. Sweet Clover. Calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth long and equal. Corolla deciduous. Wings and keel cohering. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1). Legume ovoid, coriaceous, veiny or rugose, longer than the calyx, 1 - 4-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. — Smooth herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets often toothed. Stipules adnate to the petiok's. Flowers yellow or white, in axillary racemes. 1. M. ofdcinalis, Willd. Stem erect, branching ; leaflets obovate-oblong, tootlicd ; flowers yellow; vexiilum striped with brown, as long as the keel and wings ; legume obovate, rugose. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. ® and (g) — Stems l°-3° high. Legumes drooping, 2-secded. 2. M. alba, Lam. Stem erect, branching ; leaflets oblong, truncate, ser- rate; racemes elongated ; flowers white; vcxillumlonger than the wings and keel; legumes ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. (M. Icucantha, Koch.) — Cultivated grounds. Introduced. C — Legumes drooping. 5. TRIFOLIUM, L. Clovku. Calyx 5-ckft ; the teeth sul)ulatc or setaceous. Corolla witliering or persist- ent ; the keel shorter than the wings, and united with them by their claws. Sta- mens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1-6-seeded, often shorter than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, the leaflets mostly toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. Flow- ers (in our species) capitate. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 91 ♦ Fruiting calyx erect. 1. T. pratense, L. (Red Clover.) Hairy; stems erect; leaflets ob- long-ovate or oval, often emarginate, slightly serralate ; heads large, ovate ; calyx-teeth setaceous, hairy ; flowers purple. — Around dwellings. Introduced, hut scarcely naturalized, at least in the low country. — Steins l°-2° high. Leaves usually marked with a pale 3-angled spot above. 2. T. arvense, L. (Rabbit-foot Clover.) Softly pubescent ; stems erect ; leaflets linear-oblong, minutely 3-toothed ; heads oblong ; calyx-teeth se- taceous, plumose ; corolla white, with a purple spot on the wings. — Old fields, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced, (a) — Stems 8' - 12' high. * * Fruiting calg.v rejiexed. 3. T. reflexum, L. (Buffalo Clover.) Pubescent; stems ascending ; leaflets roundisii or ol)cordatc, toothed, the uppermost oblong ; heads globose ; calyx-tube very short, the subulate teeth long and hairy ; vexillum broadly ovate, purple; the wings and keel white; legume 3-5-seeded. — "Waste places and pastures, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. April and ]\Iuy. (I) and (f) — Stems 6' - 12' long. Heads large. 4. T. repens, L. (White Clover.) Smooth; stems creeping; leaf- lets roundish or obcordatc ; heads globose, long-pedunclcd ; calyx-teeth short ; flowers M'hite ; legume 4-seeded. — Pastures and around dwellings. Introduced. May. \ — Steins G' - 1 2' long. .5. T. proeurabens, L. Pubescent ; stems slender, erect or procumbent ; leaflets small, thin, obovate or obcordatc, toothed, the middle one stalked ; heads small, ovate; flowers yellow; legume 1 -seeded. — Waste places ; more common in the upper districts. Introduced. (1) — Stems 6'- 12' long. 6. T. Carolinianum, Miclix. Pubescent ; stems tufted, prostrate ; leaf- lets small, obcordatc, slightly toothed ; heads roundish, long-peduncled ; flowers white, tinged with purple ; vexillum acute ; legume 4-seedcd. — Fields and pas- tures, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. 1|. — Stems 6' - 10' long ; in shady places erect. 6. HOSACKIA, Dougl. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum as long as the keel and spreading wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ). Legume cylindrical or compressed, smooth, wingless, many-seeded. — Herbs. Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate. Stipules mostly minute and gland-like. Peduncles 1 - several-flowered. 1 H. Purshiana, Bcnth. Hairy; stem much branched ; leaves trifolio- late, with oblong leaflets ; peduncle 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; keel acute ; bracts simple ; legume linear, nearly terete. — North Carolina. — Stem 12'- 15' high. Flowers rose-color. 7. PSORALEA, L. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Stamens diadelphous or partly monadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. Legume often 92 LEGUMINOSiE. (I'LLSE FAMILY.) wrinkled, 1 -seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Perennial usually glandular herbs. Stipules cohering with the petioles. Flowers axillary or ter- minal, purplish or white, racemose or spiked. * Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate. 1. P. virgata, Nutt. Smoothish; stem %'irgate, sparingly branched ; leaves veiy remote, 1- (or the lowest 2-3-) foliolate ; leaflets linear or oblong-linear, obtuse, the lower ones broader and long-petioled ; stipules setaceous ; peduncles much shorter than the leaves ; spikes dense, cylindrical ; bracts ovate, acumi- nate, and, like the cJilyx, glandular and hairy ; corolla violet. — Near St. Mary's, Georgia, and the adjacent parts of Florida. July. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 2' -5' long. 2. P. melilotoides, Michx. Glandular and sparingly pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or elliptical ; stipules subulate ; spikes ob- long, on peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves; bracts ovate, acuminate, veiny; corolla violet ; legume rugose. — Var. 1. (P. eglandulosa, /!■//.) Gland- less or nearly so ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, and, like the calyx, villous. — Dry soil, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. May and June. — Steni l°-2° high. Leaflets l'-2' long. 3. P. Onobryehis, Nutt. Pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate ; racemes elongated, somewhat sccund ; calyx glandular, the tectli small, obtuse, equal ; legume ovate, muricatc, wrinkled transversely. — Near Spartanburg, South Carolina. June and July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves very large. 4. P. canescens, Michx. Hoary -pubescent ; lower leaves trifoliolate, the upper simple, short-potioled ; leaflets obovate, glandular ; racemes longer than the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx inflated ; flowei-s blue, turning greenish ; legume even. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April and May. — Stem bushy, 2° high. Resembles a Baptisia. * * Leaves paJmately H - 7 -Jbliolate. 5. P. Lupinellus, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, declining, sparingly branched ; leaflets filiform ; racemes longer than the leaves, loose-flowered ; flowers violet ; legumes rugose. (P. Floridana, Shutll.) — Dry pine barrens, Flor- ida to North Carolina. May and June. — Stem 2° long. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 6. P. subacaulis, Torr. & Gray. Nearly stemless ; peduncles, petioles, and calyx wliite with spreading hairs ; leaves 7-foliolate, long-petioled ; leaflets obovate-oblong, smoothish above, fringed on the margins and midrib beneath ; ])eduncles longer than the leaves, rigid ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; bracts ovate, acuminate ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — Rocky hills, near Nashville, Tennessee. April and May. — Leaflets 1' long. Peduncles 4' - 6' long. Flowei-s numerous, purple. * * * Leaves pinnate. 7. P. multijuga, Ell. Stem branching ; leaflets numerous (9- 10 pairs), oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, pubescent ; spikes oblong ; bracts small, membrana- ceous, without glands. — Abbeville District, South Carolina. — Stem 1 ° - 2° iiigh. Leaflets small. Bracts half as long as the calyx. Flowers violet. LEGUMINOS^. (rULSE FAMILY.) - 93 8. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. Calyx nearly equally 5-tootlied or 5-ck'tt. Petals almost regular, on filiform claws, four of them united with the tube of stamens, the fifth free, cordate or oblong, folded. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube. Ovary 2-ovuled. Legume indehiscent, 1-seeded, included in the calyx. — Perennial glandular herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and white or purple flowers iu terminal spikes or heads. * Spikes soUtarij. 1. P. gracile, Nutt. Stems decumbent, virgate; leaflets 5-7, oblong- linear, obtuse ; spikes oval, becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncled ; vcxil'.uni broadly cordate — Low pine barrens, Florida and westward. August. — Stems 2° long. Leaflets j' long. Flowers white. 2. P. carneum, Michx. Stems erect, much branched, very leafy ; leaf- lets 5-7, linear, acute ; spikes oblong, long-pcduncled ; vexillum oblong. — Dry sandy soil. Florida and Georgia, westward. — Stems 2° - 3° high. Flowers white or reddish. * * Spikes corymliose. 3. P. corymbosum, Michx. Stems clustered, erect, very leafy ; leaflets 3-7, filiform; teeth of -the calyx setaceous, plumose ; vexillum oblong. — Va- ries with moi-e numerous (11-15) oblong leaflets which are commonly cmargi- nate at the apex. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward ; the variety in the low country of Soutii Carolina, Curtis. Sept. and Oct. — Stems 2° high. Flowers white. 9. DALEA, L. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla imperfectl}' papilionaceous ; petals clawed ; four of them united with the tube of stamens below the middle, the fifth (vexillum) free, cordate, and inserted into the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 10, united into a cleft tube. Legume 1-secded, membranaceous, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Mostly glandular herbs, with spiked or capitate flowers. 1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves pinnate, with numerous linear-oblong leaflets ; spikes dense, cylindrical, silky-villous ; corolla small, pale violet, the vexillum white. — Rich soil, Alabama, northward and westward. July. — Stem l°-2° high. 10. AMORPHA, L. Calyx obconical, 5-toothed, persistent. Vexillum straight, concave. "Wings and keel none. Stamens monadelphous at the base, exserted. Legume 1-2- seeded, ol)long, curved, glandular-roughened, indehiscent or nearly so. — Shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and numerous leaflets which are punctate witii pellucid dots. Flowers blue or white, in slender racemes or spikes. 1. A. fruticosa, L. Pubescent; leaves petioled ; leaflets 15-21, oblong, obtuse or emarginate, sparingly dotted ; flowers racemcd, blue ; calyx-teeth very short, nearly equal, pubescent; legume l-2sceded. — Banks of rivers, Florida 94 LKGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) to Mississippi, and northward. May and June. — Shrnb 6°-15° high. Leaf- lets 1 ' - 1 5' long. Ivacemes mostly panicled. 2. A. herbacea, Walt. Pubescent or glabroos ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 15-35, rigid, oval or oblong, conspicnonsly dotted ; racemes spicate, sin- gle or panicled ; calyx-teeth villous ; the two upper ones short and obtuse, the lower more or less elongated and acute ; legume 1-seeded. (A. pnmila, Michx. A. pubesccns, Wi/kl. A. Caroliniana, Crooin.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward, June and July. — Shrub 2° - 4° high, with pur- ple branches. Leaflets smaller and more crowded than in No. 1. Flowers blue or white. 3. A. canescens, Nutt. Iloary-tomentose ; leaves sessile ; leaflets nu- merous, small, elliptical, crowded ; spikes short, panicled, dense-flowered ; calyx- teeth acute, nearly equal; legume 1 -seeded. — Near Augusta, Georgia, and westward. July and August. — Shrub 1" - 2<* high. Flowers bright blue. 11. ROBIIHA, L. Locust. Calyx short, 5-toothc(l or 5-ck'ft, the two upper teeth shorter and more or less united. Vexillum large, roundish ; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Legume compressed, many- seeded, the seed-bearing suture margined. Seeds flat. — Trees or shrubs, often with stipular spines, unequally pinnate leaves, and showy white or rose-colorcd flowers in axillary racemes. 1. R. Pseudacacia, L. (Locust. F.\lse Acacia.) Smoothish ; spines small on the oUkr br.anches, straight; leaflets 9-17, oblong-ovate, or elliptical ; racemes j)endulous, oblong, many-flowcrcd ; flowers white ; legume 4-6-seeded. — Rich soil, in the upix?r districts. April and May. — A tree 30°- 60° high, with hard and durable wood. Racemes 3'- 5' long. Calyx spotted. Legume smooth. Flowers fragrant. 2. E.. visCOSa, Vent. Branches, petioles, peduncles, and legumes glandular- viscid ; spines very small ; leaflets 11 -25, ovate and oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, tipped with a short bristle ; flowers crowded in roundish erect racemes, rose-color ; legume 3 - 5-seeded. — Banks of streams, on tiie mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May and June. — A tree 20° -40° higli. Flowers inodorous. 3. R. hispida, L. Branches, &c. more or less bristly ; stipules very slen- der and bristle-like, deciduous; leaflets 11-18, smooth, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, tipped with a long bristle ; flowers large, in a loose and mostly pendulous raceme, bright rose-color — Mountains of Geor- gia and North Carolina, both the ordinary form and the var. rosea, Pursh, with pulwscent branches and few-flowered racemes. May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. Var. EUiottii. Branches, &c. pubescent ; stipular spines very stout, spread- ing or recurved. (R. hispida, var. rosea. Ell.) — Pine barrens in the central parts of Georgia and southward. — Shrub 3° -.5° high, with thick and rigid branches. A still smaller form, scarcely a foot high (var. nana, Ell.), is found at Columbia, South Carolina. LEGUMINOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 95 12. WISTABIA, Nutt. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lippecl ; the upper lip broad, 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Vcxillum large, with 2 parallel ridges at the base. Stamens diadelphous (9&1). Legume coriaceous, nearly terete, contracted between the seeds, at length 2-valved. — Twining shrubs, witli unequally pinnate leaves, and showy purple flowers, in a crowded raceme. 1. W. frutescens, r)C. Young leaves and branches silky-pubescent; leaflets 9-13, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; stipcls none; racemes on short branches, dense-flowered. (Thyrsanthus frutescens, Ell ) — Margins of swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi, April and May. — Leaflets riong. Racemes 4' -6' long, 2' -3' in diameter. Legume 1 -several-seeded. Bracts large, caducous, 13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. Calyx neai'ly equally .5-cleft or .5-toothed. Vcxillum large, roundish, spread- ing or reflexcd, usually white within, and reddish or pur])lc and silky without; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings. Stamens monadclplious or diadelphous. Style smooth or laterally bearded. Legume compressed, linear, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, with the leaflets opposite mucro- natc and straight-veined, and white or j)urplis]i flowers. * Flowers sinj/e or by jniirs in the arils of' the leares ; the vpj^ermost often ctvinkd in a dense raceme. 1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (Goat's Rue.) Soft-hairy and somewhat hoary; stems very leafy, clustered, ercot, simple; leaflets 11-25, oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, smoothish above ; flowers yellowish-white tinged with purple. — Dry jjinc ban-ens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° high, from long and slender roots. Flowers showy. * * Flowers in loncf-peduncled racemes opjv?sile the leaves : 7-e.rillum pubescent c.rternulli/. 2. T. spicata, Ton-. & Gray. Hirsute or villous with rusty hairs ; stems simple or difl'usely branched; leaves scattered, siiort-petioled ; leaflets 9-1.5, oval or cuneate-oblong, rounded and strongly mucronate at the apex, smooth- ish above; racemes 2-3 times as long as the leaves, G-10-flowered ; lobes of the calyx linear-subulate ; flowers large, white and purple. (T. paucifolia, Nutt. Galega villosa, MicJix.) Varies with linear, acute, and reflexed leaflets, the odd one elongated. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. 3. T. hispidula, Pursh. Iloary-pubescent or smoothish ; stems slender, terete, erect or procumbent ; petiole shorter than the lowest leaflets ; leaflets 1 1 - 15, small (4" -6" long), oblong, acute or obtuse, often smooth above ; peduncles slender, terete, commonly longer than the leaves, 2-4-flowered; flowers small, purple, — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June and July. — Stems 6' - 18' long. 4. T. ehrysophylla, Pursh. Prostrate, rusty pubescent ; stems diflfusely branched; leaves sessile or nearly so, short (I'-li' long) ; leaflets (yellowish) 96 LKGUMINOS-*;. (rULSK FAJIILY.) 5-7, cuncate-obovatc, obtuse or cmarginate, smooth above ; peduncles longer than the leaves, terete, 2- 3-flowei"ed ; calyx-teeth short, acute. — Varies with smaller (j'- 1' long) leaves and flowers, the latter mostly solitary on the short peduncles. — Dry pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. — Stems 6'- 1 8' long. .5. T. ambigua, M. A. Curtis. Iloary-pubescent, or nearly smooth ; stems decumbent, angled ; leaves scattered, long-petioled (.5' - 6' long) ; leaflets 7-1.5, distant, wedge-oblong, tiimcate or emarginatc at the apex, paler and often smooth above, purplish and strongly veined beneath ; peduncles flattened, equal- ling or exceeding the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx-teeth short, acute ; flowers white and purple. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. June and July. 6. T. angustissima, Shuttl. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stems slen- der, prostrate, diff'usely branched ; leaves short-petiolcd ; leaflets 10- 15, linear, acute, mostly opposite ; racemes very slender, longer than the leaves, bearing 2-4 small scattered flowers ; calyx slightly pubescent, with triangular-ovate acute teeth. — South Florida, Rvgel. — Stem 1° long. Leaflets 8" -12" long, I" wide, spreading. Corolla about 3" long. 14. INDIGOFERA, L. Ixdigo. Calyx 5-clcft. Ycxillum roundish. Keel with a subulate spur on each side, often clastically rcflexed. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 1 -many- seeded. Seeds usually truncated at each end, often separated liy membrana- ceous partitions. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and M'hite, brownish, or purplish axillary flowers. Legumes drooping. * Racemes loiir/er than the leaves. — Tndirjenoits species. 1 . I. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish ; stem erect, tall, branching ; leaf- lets 10-15, obovate or oblong; racemes many-flowered; calyx-teeth short, acute; flowers yellowish-brown; legume oblong, veiny, 2-seeded. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. IJ. — Stem 3° -5° high. Flowers small. Legume 4" -5" long. 2. I. leptosepala, Nutt. Eough hairy ; stem decumbent ; leaflets 7-9, obovate-oblong or cuneate ; racemes 6-1 5-flowered ; calyx-teeth slender-subu- late ; flowers pale-scarlet ; legume linear, even, 6 - 9-seeded. — Georgia, NiitluU, South Florida, Blochjett, and westward. — Stem 2° -3° long. Legume 1^' long, straight. * * Racemes shorter than the leaves. — Introduced species. 3. I. tinetoria, L. Stem erect; leaflets 9-11, oval, pubescent beneath; legume terete, torulose, curved. — Waste places. August. 4. I. Anil, L. Stem erect; leaflets 7 - 15, oval ; legume compressed, even, thickened at each suture. — Waste places. These two species were formerly cultivated iu some of the States, and em- ployed in the manufacture of indigo. LEGUMINOS^. (rULSK FAJIILY.) 97 15. GLOTTIDIUM, Desv. Calyx oampanulate, obliquely truncate, 5 toothed. Vexillum short, reniform. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style short, incurved at the apex. Stigma acute. Legume oblong, stipitate, compressed ; the membranaceous endocarp at length separating from the coriaceous epicarp, and enclosing the two oblong seeds. — A tall smooth-branching annual, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and yel- low flowers in axillary often compound racemes. 1. G. Floridanum, DC. (Sesbania vesicaria, Spreng.) — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° - 8° high. Leaf- lets numerous, oblong-linear. Legume 1'- 2' long. Plant yellowish-green. 16. SESBANIA, Pers. Calyx 2-bracted, campanulate, equally 5-toothed. Vexillum roundish. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1) ; the tube toothed at the base. Legume slender, elongated, knotted. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abniptly pinnate. Leaf- lets immerous. Flowers yellow or reddish, in axillary racemes. 1. S. macrocarpa, Muhl. Annual, smooth ; leaflets oblong-linear, ob- tuse, mucronate ; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1 -4-flowered ; legume curved, compressed, 4-sidcd, many-seeded. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. August and September. — Stem 5° -12° high. Legume 8' -12' long, pendulous. Flowers yellow and red, dotted with purple. 17. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetch. Calyx 5-toothed ; the 2 upper teeth separated. Vexillum as long as tlic wings and obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume commonly turgid, few - many-seeded, usually partly or completely 2-celled by the introversion of one or both of the sutures. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and axillary spiked or racemose flowers. * Legume partly or completehj 2-celk'd by the introversion of the dorsal suture. 1. A. Canadensis, L. Tall, pubescent ; leaflets 21 -31, oblong, obtuse; stipules ovate, clasping ; peduncles as long as the leaves, closely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate; legume inflated, oval, terete, 2-cclled. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, and northward. June-August. IJ. — Stem 2°-3° high. Leaflets 1' - 1 j' long. Flowers |' long, pale yellow. 2. A. glaber, Michx. Stem tall, nearly smooth; leaflets 15-2.5, oblong- linear, pubescent beneath ; stipules minute, spreading ; spikes longer than the leaves, loosely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth broad and short ; legume curved, ob- long, flattened edgewise, 2-celled. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- lina. April. U — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 6" - 8" long. Flowers white. 3. A. obcordatUS, Ell. Smoothish ; stems prostrate ; leaflets small, 17-25, obcordate ; peduncles as long as the leaves, loosely 8-15-flowered ; legumes crescsnt-shapcd, compressed, veiny, partly 2-celled. — Dry sandy bar- rens, Florida, and the lower parts of Georgia. April- June. Ij. — Stems 6'-12' long. Leaflets 3" - 4" long. Flowers pale purple. 9 98 LEGUMlNOSiE. (fL'LSE FAMILY.) 4. A. Tennesseensis, Gray. Villous with white hairs ; stems pros- trate or asceiuling ; leaflets about 20, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse or emar- ginate, smooth above, more or less hairy beneath ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, adnate to the petioles ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes somewhat capi- U\te, 10- 15-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, much shorter than the tube ; legume oblong, curved, thick and fleshy, reticulate-inigose when dry, 2-celled, many- seeded, at length smoothish. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Lesquereux, and Lagrange, Alabama, Prof. Hutch. March and April. IJ. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Flowers 8" -9" long, apparently purple. * * Legume \-celkd ; ihe ventral suture thickened and sometimes slir/hthj injlexed. 5. A. villosus, Michx. Villous and hoary ; stems prostrate ; leaflets about 13, oval or oblong, commonly emarginate ; stipules lanceolate, peduncles as long as the leaves ; racemes ovate, dense-flowered ; calyx-teeth longer than the tube* legume oblong, curved, 3-angled, even, 1 -celled. (Phaca villosa, Niitt.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April and May. y. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Flowers small, dull yellow. 18. VICIA, Tourn. Vetch. Tare. Calyx tubular, 5-clcft, the two upper teeth usually shorter. Style filiform, hairy at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. Legume 2 - many-seeded, 2- valved. Seeds orbicular. Cotyledons thick. — Slender climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate ; the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules mostly semi-sagittate. Flowers axillary. * Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 2-Jlow(rrd. 1. V. sativa, L. (Vktch or Tare.) Pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 10 - 12, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, emarginate; flowers by pairs, nearly .sessile, pale purple; legume linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated grounds- Introiluccd. ® — Corolla ^' long. Stem 1° - 2° long. 2. V. micrantha, Nutt. Smooth ; leaflets 4-6, linear, obtuse or barely acute; peduncles 1 - 2-flowcred ; flowers minute, pale blue ; legume sabre-shaped, 4 - 10-sccdcd. — Banks of rivers and shaded places, West Florida to North Ala- bama, and westward. April. ® — Stems 2° - 3° long. Seeds black. * * Peduncles commonly lonfjer than the leaves, 3 - many-floxcered. 3. V. hirsuta, Koch. Hairy; leaflets 12-14, oblong-linear, truncate; peduncles 3-6-flowered, about as long as the leaves, calyx-teeth equal; flowers small, bluish-wliite ; legume short, oblong, 2-seeded. (V. Mitchelli, 7?o/ Er- vum hirsutum, L.) — Cultivated ground. Introduced. April and May. 4. V. acutifolia, Ell. Smooth ; leaflets about 4, linear or rarely oblong, acute or truncate; peduncles 4-8-flowered, usu/iUy longer than the leaves; flowers pale blue, the keel tipped with purple ; legume linear, 4 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida and Georgia. March - May. H — Stems angled, 2° - 4° long, branching. .5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-12, linear or linear- oblong, obtuse or barely acute ; stipules small, subulate ; peduncles many-flow- LKGUMINOS^:. (I'ULSE FAMILY.) 09 ercd ; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube ; flowers nearly white, the keel tipped with blue ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Dry open woods, chiefly in the upper districts. April and May. 1|. — Stems 3° - -i" long, branching. Flowers 4" - 6" long. 19. LATHYRUS, L. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vcxillum. Otherwise as in Vicia. 1. L. pusillus, Ell. Annual; leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate, acute ; stipules sagittate ; peduncles elongated, 1 - 2-flowered ; teeth of the calyx subulate-seta- ceous, nearly equal; legume long, 10 - 15-secded.' — Near Charleston, South Carolina, and westward. May. — A small and slender vine. Flowers purple. 2. L. venoSUS, Muhl. Perennial; stem stout; leaflets 10-14, oblong- ovate, obtuse; stipules lanceolate; jK'duncles 10 - 20-flowcred ; flowers large, purple ; calyx-teeth very unequal. — Sliady banks, Georgia to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — Stem angled, 2° -3° long. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. Flowers .^' long. 3. L. myrtifolius, Muhl. Perennial ; stem slender, 4-angled ; leaflets 4-6, oblong, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate, entire ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered ; flowers pale purple; calyx-teeth unequal — Banks of rivers. North Carolina, and northward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 4° long, often wing-angled. Leaflets 1^' long. 20. JESCHYNOMENE, L. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft or 5-toothcd. Petals equal • vcxillum roundish. Sta- mens diadelphous (5 & 5). Legume compressed, stipitate, separating trans- versely into 3 or more 1 -seeded indehiscent joints. — Herbs or shrubs, with pin- nate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 1. ^. hispida, WiUd. Annual; stem erect, muricate-hispid ; leaflets nu- merous, oblong-linear ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowercd ; legume straight, linear, even along the upper suture, wavy on the lower, 6 -10-jointed, the joints nearly square, hispid. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2^-4° high. 2. JE. viscidula, Michx. Perennial; stem slender, prostrate, viscid- pubescent; leaves small; leaflets 7-9, obovate, reticulate- veined ; peduncles 8-4-flowered, the pedicels long and spreading; stipules and bracts ovate; legume 2-3-jointed, the joints half-orbicular, liispid. — Sandy places along the coast, Florida and Georgia. August and Sept. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 1' long. Flowers small. 21. ZORNIA, Gmel. Calyx 2-lippcd, the upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted into the base of the calyx. Stamens monadelphous, alternately shorter : anthers alternately oblong and globose. Legume compressed, with 2-5 roundish hispid joints. — Herbs. Leaves palmately 2- 4-foliolate. Stipules sagittate. Flowers yellow, in axillary large-bracted racemes. - 100 LEGUMINOS^. (rULSE FAMILY.) 1. Z. tetraphylla, Michx. Perennial, smooth or dow-ny ; leaflets 4, lance- olate or ohlonj,^-obovatc ; racemes 3 - 9-flowcred, much longer than the leaves; the flowers distant and almost concealed by tlic large ovate bracts ; legume his- pid, 3- 4-jointcd. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June- August. — Stem 2° long, prostrate. 22. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. Flowers of two kinds : one kind perfect, but sterile ; the other destitute of calyx, corolla, and stamens, and fertile. Calyx 2-bracted, 2-lipped, 5-clcft ; the tube long and slender. Corolla inserted on the throat of the calyx. Keel en- tire at the apex. Stamens monadclphous, with the alternate anthers linear and ovate. Style of the fertile flower hooked. Legume veiny, 1 - 2-jointed, the lower joint empty. — Low herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules united with the peti- oles. Flowers in a short and dense terminal spike. 1. S. elatior, Swartz. Perennial; stem mostly erect, 6' -12' high, pu- hescent in lines, or sometimes hispid; leaflets rigid, lanceolate, strongly veined; stipules sheathing ; spike few-flowered ; bracts bristly; flowers yellow. (S. his- pida, Michx.) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida and northward. June- August. 23. CHAPMANNIA, Torr. & Gray. Flowers nearly as in Stylosanthes. Corolla inserted on the throat of the calyx. Keel 2-clcft at the apex. Anthers alike, oblong. Legume hispid, 1-3- jointed. — A viscid and hirsute branching herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, small and free stipules, and small yellow flowers in terminal racemes. 1. C. Floridana, Torr. & Gray.— East Florida. May. — Stem slender, 2° -3° high. Leaflets 3-7, oblong. Racemes often branching, few-flowered. 24. LESPEDEZA, Michx. Bush-Clover. Calyx 2-bractcd, .5-clcft ; the teeth subulate. Corolla inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens diadclphous (9 & 1 ). Anthers alike. Legume small, len- ticular, indehiscent, 1 -seeded. —Perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes. * Flowers of two kinds, vis. perfect, but mostly sterile, borne in spikes or racemes, and fertile, hut destitute of corolla and .stamens ; ike latter commonly in sessile clus- ters : corolla purple, longer than the calyx. 1. L. repens, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, prostrate ; leaflets small, oval, mostly emarginate, the petiole very short, or as long as the lateral leaflets ; ra- cemes few-flowered, on filiform peduncles much longer than the leaves ; legume roundish. (L. procumbens, McAr.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Plant 1° - 2° long, smooth or tomentose. 2. L. Violacea, Pers. Stem erect or spreading ; leaflets varying from el- liptical to linear, pubescent with apprcssed hairs beneath ; fertile flowers in axillary clusters ; legume ovate, smooth, or with scattered appressed hairs, much longer than the calyx. LEGUMINOS.E. (pulse FAMILY.) 101 Var. divergens. (L. divergens, Pu;sA.) Steins diffuse ; leaflets oval or ob- long ; peduncles filiform, few-flowered, longer than the leaves, and bearing chiefly sterile flowers. Var. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora, Mi'cAx. L. violacea, ^//.) Stem erect; leaflets oblong ; flowers mostly fertile, in dense and nearly sessile clusters which are much crowded near the summit of the branches. Var. reticulata. (L. reticulata, Pers ) Stem erect; leaves linear-oblong ; flowers clustered as in the preceding variety. Dry ban"en soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets pale beneath. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. 3. L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stem erect, branching, softly-pubescent ; leaflets oval or roundish, tomentose or silky on both surfaces, or only beneath, longer than the petiole ; racemes axillary, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers nearly all perfect and fertile ; legume longer than the calyx, ovate, villous. — Dry sterile soil, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Interme- diate between No. 2 and No. 4. * *. Flowers all perfect and fertile : corolla as long as the cahjx, yelloivish-wlute, the vexilhtm spotted ivith purple : legume included in the calyx. 4. L. hirta, Ell. Stem erect, pubescent or villous ; leaflets oval or round- ish, longer than the petiole, pubescent beneath or on both sides; spikes dense, on peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate, as long as the ovate pubescent legume. — Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 5. Ii. eapitata, Michx. Stem mostly simple, softly pubescent, erect ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear, silky on both sides, or only beneath ; calyx hairy, longer than the oval villous legume. (L. frutes- cens and L. angustifolia. Ell.) — Dry or damp sterile soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 25. DESMODIUM, DC. (Hedtsarum, L, Ell.; Flowers all similar and perfect. Calyx bilabiate ; the upper lip emarginate or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted on the base of the calyx. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1), or more or less monadelphous. Legume flattened, 2-6- jointed. — Chiefly perennial branching herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, petiolcd, stip- ulate ; the leaflets petiolulate and stipellate. Flowers small, purple or whitish, in terminal racemes or panicles. Legumes hispid with hooked hairs. § 1 . Stamens monadelphous below : legumes conspicuously stipitate, 2 - 4-Jointed, the joints halfobovate, concave on the hacJj. 1. D. pauciflorum, Nutt. Stem low, ascending, mostly simple, leafy; leaves scattered, long-petioled ; leaflets thin, acute, ciliate, pale beneath, the lat- eral ones ovate, the terminal one rhombic-ovate ; stipules minute ; racemes ter- minal, 4 - 8-flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves. — Shady woods, Florida to Tennessee, and northward. August. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets l'-2' long. Corolla pale-purple or white. 9* 102 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 2. D. acuminatum, DC. Stem pubescent, leafy at the summit ; leaves large, long-petioled ; leaflets smoothish, ovate or roundish, acuminate , raceme or panicle terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered. — Rich shady soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Plant 2° -3° high. Leaf- lets thin, 2'- 4' long. 3. D. nudiflorum, DC. Stem smooth, short, leafy at the summit ; pan- icle ascending from the base of the stem, naked, or with one or two leaves near the base, much longer than the stem ; leaves long-petioled, smooth ; leaflets ovate, acute or obtuse, white beneath ; legume long-stipitatc. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Racemes simple or compound, on peduncles 2° - 3° high. § 2. Stamens diadelphous : legume sessile or shoii stipitate. * Stipules large, ovate (except No. 8), acumiimte, persistent: legume 3-6-jointecl, the joints convex on the upper suture, rounikd on the lower one. 4. D. canescens, DC. Stem tall, rough-hairy, striate ; leaflets ovate, mostly acute, very rough, especially beneath ; panicle large, very hairy ; bracts large, ovate, acuminate; joints of the legume 3-5, coimccted by a broad neck. (Hedysarum scaberrimum. Ell ) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Plant 3° - 5° high, much branched, pale green. Leaflets l^'-3' long. Flowers large. 5. D. moUe, DC. ? Stem tall, much branched, softly pubescent ; leaflets rhombic or elliptical, obtuse and often emarginate, tomentose beneath, rough above ; racemes panicled, slender ; flowers 2-3 together, on slender pedicels ; legume nearly sessile, black ; the small joints oval or rhombic, equally con- vex on both sutures. — Waste places. Middle Florida. Sept. — Stem 3° -5° high. Leaflets 3' -4' long. Legume 1' long, pendulous. Flowers small. 6. D. CUSpidatum, Ton-. & Gray. Stem smooth, erect ; leaves smooth, ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acuminate ; panicle mostly simple, elongated ; flowers and bracts large ; legume 4 - 6-jointed, the joints rhombic-oblong, connected by a broad neck. (H. bracteosum, Michx.) — Dry open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 3° -.5° high. Leaflets 3' -5' long. Legume l^'-2' long. 7. D. viridiflorum, Beck. Stem stout, tomentose, rough above ; leaves large ; leaflets ovate or roundish, obtuse, very rough above, pale and velvety beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate, rather small ; panicle large, leafless ; legume 3 - 4-jointed, on a stipe twice as long as the calyx, tlie joints half orbicular, con- nected by a naiTow neck. — Rich open woods, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. August. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Corolla turning greenish. 8. D. Ploridanum, n. sp. Stem short, rigid, very rough ; lower leaves 1- foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, acute or obtuse, very rough above, pubescent and strongly reticulate beneath ; stipules lance-subulate ; panicle elongated, spar- ingly branched, leafless; legume 2 -4-jointed, the stipe shorter than the calyx ; joints obliquely obovate. — Diy sandy soil, Apalacliicola, Florida. July and August. — Proper stem 1° high, the panicle 2° -3°. Leaflets 2' -3' long, the stipules and stipels rigid. Bracts and flowers small. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 103 9. D. rotundifolium, DC. Stem long, trailing, hairy ; leaflets orbicu- lar, pubescent ; stipules ovate, large, reflexed ; racemes simple, the terminal ones panicled ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, very adhesive, the large joints half-rhombic. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 3° - 5° long. Flowers showy, occa- sionally yellowish-white. * * Stipules subulate, deciduous : legume 3 - 5-jointed, nearly struiglit on the ujrper suture, the joints triangular, rarely rounded on the lower suture. 10. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy; leaves short-petiolcd ; leaf- lets oblong-lanceolate, more or less hairy ; panicle leafy ; flowers and bracts large; legume with 3-4 rather large obtusely 3-angled joints. — Dry woods, North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high, furrowed. Up- per leaves subsessilo. 11. D. Dillenii, Darl. Stem erect, fun-owed, hairy ; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish above, paler and pubescent beneatli ; panicle large, leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (II. Marilandi- cum, Ell.) — Open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets l'-2' long. Bracts and flowers small. 12. D. glabellum, DC. Stem erect, nearly glabrous; leaflets small, ovate, obtuse, scabrous-pubescent on both sides ; joints of the legume about 4, triangular, minutely hispid. — In shady places. North and South Carolina. — Resembles D. Marilandicum in foliage and D. paniculatum in fruit. 13. D. laevigatum, DC. Stem smooth, terete ; leaflets thick, ovate, ob- tuse, smooth, or sHghtly pubescent and paler beneath ; panicle leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. rhombifolium. Ell.) — Dry rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2°-4° high. Leaflets l'-2' long, the hvteral ones occasionally wanting. 14. D. paniculatum, DC. Stem slender, mostly smooth, with long and virgate branches ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth or slightly pubescent ; legume 3 - 5-jointcd, the joints triangular. — Shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets rather rigid. * * * Stipules subulate, deciduous: legume 2 - 3-jointed ; the joints small, oval, or obliquelg-obocate : flowers small. 15. D. tenuifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, rough-pubes- cent above ; leaflets linear, reticulated, obtuse, smooth above, keeled, much longer than the short petiole ; panicle leafless, very rough ; flowers small ; legume ses- sile, mostly 2-jointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 16. D. Strictum, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple, straight and slender, smooth or roughish ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets nan-owly linear, rather obtuse, coriaceous, reticulated, nearly smooth ; panicle virgate, few-flowered ; the pedicels very slender ; legume stipitate, I -3-jointed. — Pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets lj'-3' long. 104 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 17. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Stem erect, smooth, mostly simple; leaflets small, ovate or roundish, obtuse, smooth, pale beneath, commonly short- er than the petiole; panicle rough; legume mostly 2jointed. — (H. obtusum, Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets rarely more than 1' long, sometimes oblong. 18. D. eiliare, DC Very much like No. 17, but the stem and leaves rough-haiiy, and the (sometimes acute) leaflets longer than the short petiole. — With the preceding. 19. D. rigidum, DC. Stem erect, branched, rough-pubescent ; leaflets (pale) oval or oblong, obtuse, rough above, hairy beneath, strongly reticulated on both sides; panicle ample, leafy below; legume mostly 3-jointed. — Dry woods, Florida to North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stems 2° - 3° high. Leaflets l'-3' long. Joints of the legume largest of this section. 20. D. lineatum, DC. Stem prostrate, slender, smooth ; leaflets oval or roundish, smooth ; racemes elongated, axillary and terminal, simple or panicu- late, rough ; legume 2 - 3-jointed. — Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem I''- 2° long. Leaflets seldom more than 1' long. Racemes 1°- 2° long. 26. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. Calyx 2-lipped, with the upper lip 2-cleft and the lower 3-parted, or nearly equally 4-paited. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style smooth, subulate. Leg- ume oblong or scymitar-shaped, mostly I -2-seeded. Seeds carunculate. — Erect or twining herbs or shrubs, with 1 or 3-foIiolate, mostly softly-pubesceut and resi- nous-dotted leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. * Stems twining, or low and erect : Jlowers in axillary racemes. +- Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, i-clejl ; the teeth subulate, shorter than the corolla, the lowest one longest : stems twining. 1. E.. minima, DC. Tomentose ; leaflets small, roundish or broadly rhombic, barely acute, dotted beneath ; stipules subulate ; racemes filiform, much longer than the leaves, loosely 6 - 12-flowered ; flowers minute, reflexed ; legume scymitar-shaped. (Glycine reflexa, £•//.)— Damp soil along the coast. Key West to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Leaflets ^'-1' long. 2. R. parvifolia, DC. Velvety throughout ; leaflets ovate, oblong, or obovate-oblong, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, hoary and strongly reticulate beneath, longer than the petiole ; stipules small, lanceolate ; racemes equalling or longer than the leaves, slender, loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; lowest tooth of the calyx nearly twice the length of the others ; legume oblong, obtuse, clothed with soft down and longer hairs intermixed, 2-3-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem lo_20 long. Leaflets 1' long. 3. R. Caribaea, DC. Velvety throughout ; stem prostrate or twining ; leaflets thin, ovate, acute or slightly acuminate ; stipules ovate ; racemes slender, shorter than the leaves, loosely 3 -5-flowered; teeth of the calyx short, nearly LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 105 equal; legume scymitar-shaped, acute. — South Florida. — Stem 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1 ^' - 2' long. Racemes 1'- 2' long. Flowers small. Legume I'-l^' long, tapering at the base. ■1- 4- Calyx 4-parted, nearly as long as the corolla, the lobes linear or lanceolate, nearly equal : sterns twining or erect. 4 R. menispermoidea, DC. Stems several from one root, prostrate or twining, downy ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; leaflets solitary, reniform, tomen- tose ; peduncles rarely as long as the petiole, with few crowded flowers at the summit ; calyx deeply parted, the lanceolate acute or acuminate lobes nearly equal ; legume oblong, acute, tomentose, 2-seeded. — Charlotte Harbor, South Florida, Blodgett. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets l'-2' in diameter. 5. R. tomentosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets 1 or 3, roundish or ovate ; ra- cemes dense-flowered ; legume oblong. Var. monophylla, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent; stem low (3' -6'), erect ; leaflets mostly solitary, reniform or orbicular ; racemes very short, the upper- most clustered. (Glycine simplicifolia. Ell.) Var. erecta, Ton-. & Gray. Velvety; stem erect (1°-1|°); leaflets 3, oblong or roundish, sometimes acute ; racemes many-flowered, the terminal one often elongated. ( G. erecta and G. moUissima, Ell. ) Var. VOlubilis, Torr. & Gray. Hairy ; stem twining, angled ; lowest leaves simple, the upper ones trifoliolate ; leaflets 3, roundish or ovate, often angular on the margins ; racemes very short, few-flowered. (G. tomentosa. Ell.) Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. June - August. * * Stem tall, erect, with long virgate branches : Jlowers solitary or hy pairs, in the axils of the upper leaves : calyx deeply A-cleft, shorter than the corolla. 6. E,. galactoideS. Stem bushy, purplish, closely pubescent ; leaves very small, almost sessile ; leaflets 3, oval or obovate, rigid, reticulate, pubes- cent ; flowers mostly longer than the leaves, j'ellow, the vcxillum reddish exter- nally ; legume oblong, 2-seeded. (Pitcheria galactoides, Nutt.) — Dry sand ridges, Florida and Alabama. June. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets 3" -9" long. Legume |' long. 27. APIOS, Bocrh. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped ; the lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lowest one longest. Vexillum very broad, reflexed ; the keel at length twisted. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume nearly terete, many-seeded. — A smooth peren- nial twining herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, and brownish-purple flowers in dense axillary racemes. 1- A. tuberosa, Mcench. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- ward. July and August. — Root bearing small edible tubers. Stem twining high. Leaflets 5-7, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Racemes often by pairs, shorter than the leaves. Seeds black, separated by loose cellular tissue. 106 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 28. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidney-Bean. Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth more or less united. Keel of the corolla spirally coiled or twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Legume linear or falcate, few- many-seeded. — Twining or prostrate herbs, with trifoliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers commonly large, racemed, or clustered at the summit of the axillary peduncles. * Flowers scattered in long racemes : legumes sci/mitar-shaped. 1. P. perennis, Walt. Stem climbing, pubescent; leaflets ovate, acute, entire, membranaceous ; racemes often branching, twice as long as the leaves. — Low woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. U — Leaflets 2' - 4' long. Flowers purple. 2. P. sinuatUS, Nutt. Stem prostrate, smooth jsh ; leaflets small (1' long), roundish or 3-lobcd, strongly reticulate, rather rigid ; racemes 6-8 times as long as the leaves, solitaiy, simple. — Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens. Florida. July and August. H. — Stem 8°- 12° long. Flowers pale purple. * * Flowers clustered at the summit of the peduncles : legume linear, nearly terete : seed scurfif. (Strophostvles, FIl.) 3. P. diversifolius, Pcrs. Annual ; stems prostrate or trailing, rough- hairy ; leaflets ovate, entire or 2 - 3-lobed ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves. — Sandy soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Stems 2° - 4° long. Corolla purple, withering greenish. 4. P. helvolus, L. Perennial, smooth or hairy ; stems prostrate, leaflets varying from ovate to oblong-linear, rarely 3-lobed ; peduncles 3-6 times as long as the leaves. — Woods and margins of fields, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Corolla pale purple. 29. VIGNA, Savi. Calyx 4-toothed, the upper tooth broader, entire or 2-cleft. Vexillum depressed- orbicular, with thickened knobs near the base. Keel not twisted. Stamens in- cluded in the keel, diadelphous, and with the style bent upward. Style hairy above, appendaged below the stigma. Legume nearly terete, somewhat torulosc, the seeds separated by cellular tissue. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and racemose axillary flowers. 1. V. glabra, Savi. Annual, hirsute ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; racemes on stout peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow, crowded ; legume hirsute. (Dolichos luteolus, ^007.) — Brackish marshes, Florida to South Carolina, and west to Mississippi. July - September. 30. ERYTHRINA, L. Calyx tnbular-campanulate, truncate, toothless. Vexillum narrow, straight, elongated. Keel and wings very small. Stamens and style partly exserted. Legume stipitate, torulose, partly dehiscent. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, often armed with prickles. Leaves trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet long-pctiolu- late. Flowers showy, scarlet, in long racemes. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 107 1. !E. herbacea, L. Stems herbaceous, several from a veiy thick root, prickly, the flowering ones mostly leafless ; leaves long-petiolcd ; leaflets ovate or somewhat hastate ; vexillum lanceolate, folded ; seeds scarlet. — Light sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April and May. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Racemes 1^-2° long. Flowers 2' long. Legume open- ing by one suture opposite the seeds. 31. CLITORIA, L. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum very large, spurless on the back, obovate, emarginate. Keel shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous. below. Style curved, hairy. Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulose, veinless. — Peren- nial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large puqjlc flowers on axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite, 1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem erect or twining ; leaflets ovate-oblong, pale beneath ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; legume 3-4- seeded. — Dry soil. Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers 2' long, pale purple. Bracts shorter than the calyx. Legume lj'-2' long. 32. CENTROSEMA, DC. Calyx short, 5-(lcft, tlic 2 upper lobes more or less united. Vexillum very large, spurred on the back, orbicular, emarginate. Keel nearly as long as the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style smooth. Legume nearly sessile, linear, compressed, the sutures thickened, the valves lined with an intra-margi- nal vein. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers on short axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. I. C. Virginiana, Benth. Rough with a short hooked pubescence ; stem very slender, much branched; leaflets oblong or linear-oblong, strongly reticu- late ; peduncles single or by pairs, 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth subulate, barely exceeding the ovate bracts ; vexillum adhesive ; legume slender, elongated, curved, many-seeded. (Clitoria Virginiana, Willd.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June - September. — Flowers 1^' long. Legume 4' - 6' long. 33. AMPHICARPJEA, Ell. Flowers of 2 kinds ; those on the upper racemes perfect, but mostly abortive, those near the base of the stem or on the prostrate branches apetalous, but fruitful. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Vexillum obovate and partly enclosing the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous, or in the fertile flowers distinct or wanting. Fertile legume obovate, fleshy, 1 - 2-seeded. — Twining annual or perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or purplish, in simple or compound axillary racemes. 1. A. monoica, Nutt. Hairy ; stems much branched ; leaflets rhombic- ovate ; sterile racemes single or by pairs, often compound, nodding ; bracts stri- 108 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) ate ; calyx-teeth short, triangular ; fertile legumes hairy. (A. monoica and A. sarmentosa, £■//.) — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. August and Sept. 34. GALACTIA, P. Browne Calyx 4-toothcd, the upper one broadest. Vexillum oblong or obovate, re- flexed in flower. Stamens diadelphous. Legume more or less compressed, 2-valved, few -many-seeded. — Prostrate or twining, rarely erect, perennial herbs, with chiefly trifoliolate leaves, and mostly small purplish or white flowers in ax- illary racemes. Bracts alternate and deciduous. Leaflets stipellate. * Leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets stalked: stems twinint] or prostrate. 1. G. spieiformis, Ton-. & Gray. Stem twining, minutely pubescent ; leaflets (1' long) thick and rigid, oblong-oval, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; racemes spike-like, mostly longer than the leaves, the nearly sessile, mostly solitary flowers scattered on the common pedun- cle nearly to its base ; corolla 2-3 times the length of the acuminate hairy calyx- lobes ; legume coriaceous, compressed, falcate, thickened at the sutures, sprinkled with short ajipressed hairs, 6 - 10-seeded. — Varies with a stouter more pubescent and almost villous stem, larger ( I j' - 2'), thinner, and mostly acute leaflets, longer and stouter many-flowered racemes, and nearly straight legumes. (G brevistyla, Schlect.) — South Florida. Aug. and Sept. 2. G. pilosa, Ell. Stem twining, pubescent or smoothish, much branched ; leaflets thin, varying from oval to linear-oblong, obtuse, rounded or emarginate at both ends, pubescent and paler beneath, often smooth above ; racemes slender, commonly longer than the leaves, sometimes 4-6 times as long ; flowers single or 2 - 3 together, scattered on the common peduncle, distinctly pedicellcd, acu- minate in the bud ; calyx sparse-hairy or smoothish, the acuminate lobes much shorter than the purple corolla ; legume nearly straight, somewhat compressed, covered with short appressed hairs, 10-seeded. (G. mollis, Nutt. G. Macreei, ^f. A. Curtis.) — Dry soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem often elongated. Leaflets ^'-I'long. Racemes occasionally 2-3 together. 3. G. mollis, Michx. Villous and somewhat hoary ; stems mostly pros- trate and simple ; leaflets oval or oblong, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, or the upper ones acute ; racemes single, about twice the length of the leaves, the short-pedicelled flowers approximate near the summit of the stout peduncle, acute in the bud ; calyx, like the straight 10-seeded compressed legume, very vil- lous and hoary. (G. pilosa, Niitt.) — Diy sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaflets 1 ' long. Corolla reddish purple, one third longer than the acute calyx-lobes 4. G. Floridana, Toit. & Gray. Hoary-pubescent ; stems prostrate ; leaflets oval or oblong, rarely acute, reticulate; racemes simple or branched, often by pairs, many-flowered, rarely longer than the leaves ; flowers large, ap- proximate, legume flat, 10-seeded. — Var. microphylla ■ ever\- way smaller, the leaflets (^'-|' long) acute or emarginate, the few flowers almost sessile in axil- LEGUMINOS^. (rULSE FAMILY.) 109 lary clusters. — Dry sandy pine barrens, near the west coast of Florida. June- August. — Stem 2° - 4° long. Leaflets 1' - 2' long. Flowers largest of all. .5. G. glabella, Michx. Stem prostrate, minutely pubescent ; leaflets rather rigid, on short petioles, oblong, rarely acute, smooth and shining above, slightly hairy beneath ; racemes seldom as long as the leaves, 3 - 6-flowered ; stvle elongated ; legume slightly falcate, at length smoothish, 4 - 6-seeded. — • Drv pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers large, rcddish-puii^le. * * Leaves trijul white, icith nearly sessile leaflets : stems erect. 6. G. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, branching, and, as we!! as the leaves and peduncles, smoothish ; leaves long petioleC.) — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, Florida, and southward. July -Sept. — Stem 10° -15° long. Leaflets 3' long. Legume 4' -5' long, 1' wide. Seeds brown. 36. DOLICHOS, L. Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped, the upper lip of two more or less united teeth, the lower 3-cleft. Vexillum callous near the base. Keel more or less falcate. Stamens diadelphous, the free stamen spurred at the base. Style 10 110 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) bearded. Legnme flattened. Seeds compressed, with a small and oval hilam. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and axillary racemose flowers. 1. D. multiflorus, Torr. & Gray. Perennial, pubescent; leaflets thin, large, orbicular, abruptly acute ; racemes shorter than the leaves, many and densely flowered at the summit of the stout peduncle ; upper lip of the calyx entire ; keel nearly straight ; legnme 4 - 5-seeded. — Banks of rivers, near Mil- ledgeville, Georgia, and westward. June and July. — Stem 5° - 10° long. Leaflets 3' -6' in diameter. Flowers puiple. Legume 2' long, |' wide. 37. PISCIDIA, L. J.*.MAiCA Dogwood. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Keel obtuse. Vexillum rounded. Stamens diadelphons at the base, monadclphous above. Style filiform, smooth. Legume stipitate, linear, contracted between the seeds, furnished with four membranaceous longitudinal wings. Seeds compressed. — Tropical trees. Leaves unequally- pinnate. Flowers in terminal panicles.' 1. P. Erythrina, L. Young branches, leaves, and panicle silky and hoary, at length smoothish ; leaflets 7-9, oblong or obovate, abruptly acute, straight-veined, distinctly petiolulate ; panicles axillary and terminal, many- flowered, shorter than the leaves ; upper teeth of the calyx partly united ; leg- ume 6-seeded. — South Florida. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves deciduous. Corolla white, lined with red veins. Legume 2' long, the broad wings wavy. 38. BAPTISIA, Vent. Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft ; the upper lobe broader and mostly emarginate. Vexillum roundish, with the sides reflexed ; wings and keel straight. Stamens 10, distinct, shorter than the wings, deciduous. Legume stipitate, oval or ob- long, inflated, few-seeded, pointed with the persistent style — Erect widely- branching perennial herbs. Leaves simple or palmately trifoliolate, withering- persistent. Stipules deciduous or persistent, rarely wanting. Flowers showy in terminal racemes, rarely axillary and solitary. * Leaves simple, sessile, or perfoliate. 1. B. simplicifolia, Croom. Smooth ; leaves large, sessile, broadly ovate, obtuse ; stipules none ; racemes numerous, terminal, many-flowered, sessile or short-pedunded ; ovary villous and hoary ; legume small, ovate, coriaceous, smooth. — Dry pine barrens near Quincy, Middle Florida. July. — Stem much branched, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Flowers rather small, yellow. Plant dries black. 2. B. perfoliata, Brown. Smooth ; leaves perfoliate, oval or orbicu- lar, glaucous ; sti])ules none ; flower axillary, solitary ; legume small, ovate, coriaceous. — Drj* sandy soil, in the middle districts of Georgia and South Car- olina. May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers small, yellow; vexillum orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the wings and keel. Ovary and style smooth. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) Ill 3 B. microphylla, Nutt. Leaves sessile, roundish, cuneate at the base, the upper ones somewhat clasping; stipules leafy, rounded, the upper ones united with the leaves ; flowers axillary, solitary, on short pedicels , legume roundish. Nutt. — Alabama and West Florida. — Leaves less than an inch long. Flowers unknown. * * Leaves irifoliolate, petioleil. H- Flowers yellow. 4. B. lanceolata. Ell. Pubescent when young, at length smoothish ; leaves on very short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets varying from lanceolate to obovate, thick, obtuse, tapering at the base ; stipules and bracts small and caducous ; flowers large, solitary in the axils, and in sliort terminal racemes, short-pedicclled ; ovary villous ; legume ovate or globose, coriaceous, slender-pointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' -2' long. Plant turns black in drying. 5. B. villosa, Ell. Pubescent ; leaves short-pctioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, tapering at the base, becoming smooth alx)ve ; lower stipules and lance- olate bracts persistent ; racemes many-flowered, declining ; ovary villous ; leg- ume smoothish, coriaceous, oblong, strongly beaked. — Dry sandy soil. North Carolina. May. — Stem stout, 2° high. Leaves and flowers larger than in No. 4, the latter on slender pedicels. Plant turns black in drying. 6. B. megacarpa, Chapm. Stem smooth, with slender widely spreading branches ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets thin, elliptical or obovate, minutely pubescent and glaucous beneath ; stipules and bracts caducous ; racemes numer- ous, terminal and 0])posite the leaves, fow-flowcrcd ; flowers large, pale yellow, on slender drooping pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume large, thin, ovoid, slender- pointed. — Light rich soil, Gadsden County, Middle Florida, and along the Flint River, near Albany, Georgia. May.— Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets U'-2' long. Legume I'- Ij' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 7. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. Smooth ; branches slender, elongated ; leaves small, on short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets wedge-obovate ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; racemes numerous, short, few-flowered ; flowers small, on short and bractless pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume small, roundish, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia to Tennessee, and north- ward. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets |'-1' long. Plant usually becomes blackish in drjing, 8. B. Stipulacea, Ravenel. Smooth ; branches spreading ; leaves small, short-petioled, 2 -3-foliolate, the upper ones mostly simple and partly clasping ; leaflets round-obovate, cuneate at the base ; stipules and bracts large, round- cordate, persistent ; flowers numerous, small, axillary, the upper ones racemose , pedicels short and bractless ; ovary smooth, or slightly pubescent on the edges ; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Sand-hills, near Aiken, South Carolina, Ravenel. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets ^'-%' long. Plant nearly unchanged in drying. Apparently allied to No. 3. 9. B. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem diff'usely branched ; leaves small, short-petiolcd ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate and ca- 112 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) ducous, or the lower ones larger and persistent ; racemes numerous, short, few- flowered, somewhat leafy at the base ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, persistent ; flowers small, on long 2-bracted pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and the southern parts of Georgia. May and June. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 10. B. Serense, SI. A. Curtis. Very smooth, branching ; leaves petioled ; leaflets oblong-obovate, cuneatc ; flowers in a long loose central raceme, and in short racemes terminating the brandies ; iK'dicols longer than the calyx in fruit ; segments of the calyx villous on the inside ; legume oblong, inflated, the stipe longer than the calyx. — Society Hill, South Carolina, Curtis. May and June. — Stem diffusely branched, 1° -2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Legume 8" long. Allied to No. 7 and No. 1 1 . Plant unchanged in drying. •I— -t- Flotveis irliite. 11. B. alba, R- Brown. Smooth and glaucous ; branches slender, flexu- ous, horizontal ; leaves all distinctly petioled ; leaflets thin, cuneate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; raceme usually solitary, central, very long, those on the branches few-flowered ; legume cylindrical. — Damp soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° -3° high, often purple. Leaflets I'long. Racemes l°-3° long. Corolla ^' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 12. B. leucantha, Ton-. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous ; branches spreading , leaves shortpetioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, obtuse ; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, deciduous ; racemes central, and terminating the branches, long, many-flowered ; ovary smooth ; legume large, oblong, much inflated, long-stipitate. — River-banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. March and April. — A stouter plant than the preceding, with larger leaves and flowers, changing blackish in drying. Legumes Ij' long. 13. B. leucophsea, Nutt. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout, angled ; leaves short-pctiolcd ; leaflets varying from oblanccolate to obovate, rigid, re- ticulate, soon smooth above; stipules and bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, per- sistent; racemes stout, declined, 1 -sided ; flowers large, yellowish-white, on long and slender erect pedicels; ovary villous, legume ovoid, long- pointed. (B. l)racteata, Mit/il.) — Dry rich oak woods, Wrightsboro, Georgia, and westward. April. — Stem low, with widely spreading branches. Racemes 4'- 12' long. Flowers 1' long, the vexillum spotted with brown. Plant turns black m drying. -1- -1- -t- Flowers hine. 14. B. australis, R Brown Smooth ; leaves all shortpetioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules leafy, lanceolate, twice as long as the petioles ; ra- cemes large, erect, many-flowered; flowers (indigo blue) very large; bracts deciduous; legume oblong. (B. caerulea, Nutt) — Banks of rivers, Georgia (Pursh), and westward. June and July. — Stem 2°- 3° high, newel's 1' or more long. Legume 2' long. Plant unchanged in drying. LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 113 39. THEBMOPSIS, R. Brown. Stamens mostly persistent Legume linear or oblong-linear, nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded. Stipules leafy, persistent. Otherwise chiefly as in Baptisia Flowers yellow. 1. T. Caroliniana, M. A Curtis. Stem stout, simple, smooth ; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets membranaceous, obovate-oblong, silky beneath ; stipules very large, ovate or oblong, clasping; racemes elongated, villous, erect, rigid, many- flowered ; flowers on short pedicels ; bracts ovate, deciduous ; legumes oblong- linear, erect, straight, villous and hoary, 10-12-seeded. — Mountains of North Car olina. May -July. — Stem 3° -5° high. Raceme 6' -12' long. Legume 2' long. 2. T. fraxinifolia, M A Curtis. Stem branching, slender, smoothish ; leaves long-petiolcd ; leaflets oblong, narrowed at the base, often acute, smooth above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, much shorter than the petioles , racemes erect, glabrous ; flowers on slender spreading pedi- cels ; bracts small, lanceolate, persistent ; legume linear, falcate, pubescent, spreading, short-stipitate, 10-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° high. Legume 3' long. 3. T. mollis, M. A.Curtis. Pubescent; stem diffusely branched ; leaflets obovate-oblong ; stipules leafy, oblong-ovate, as long as the petioles ; racemes declined ; pedicels shorter than the calyx and lanceolate bracts ; legume linear, flat, short-stipitate. (Baptisia mollis, Miclix.) — Rocky woods in the middle districts of North Carolina. April and May. — Stem 2° high. Legume 2' -3' long, many-seeded. 40. CLADRASTIS, Raf Yellow-Wood. Calyx 5-toothcd ; the nearly equal teeth short and obtuse. Vexillum large, roundish, reflexcd, scarcely longer than the oblong wings and separate keel- petals. Stamens 10, distinct ; filaments slender, incurved above. Legume short- stipitate, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-secded, at length 2-valved. — A small tree, with yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and large white flowers in terminal droop- ing panicled racemes. I. C. tinctoria, Raf (Virgilia lutca, il//c/(x.) — Hill-sides, in rich soil, Tennessee and Kentucky May — Leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, acute, smooth, parallel-veined, 3' -4' long; the common petiole tumid at the base. Stipules none Racemes 1° long. Flowers 1' long. 41. SOPHORA, L Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncated or 5-toothed. Stamens 10, free or cohering at the base. Style smooth. Legume moniliform, wingless, many- seeded, indehisccnt Seeds subglobose. — Trees or shrubs, with unequally pin- nate leaves. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. I. S. tomentosa, L. Hoary-tomentose ; leaflets 11-17, oblong, coria- ceous, becoming smooth above ; raceme elongated ; calyx minutely 5-toothed. — South Florida, near the coast — Shrub 4° -6° high. Flowers showy, yel- low. Legume stipitate, 5' long. 10* 114 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) Suborder U. CiESAL.PINIEiE. Brasiletto Family. 42. CERCIS, L. Red-BCD. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals all distinct, the vexillam shorter than the wings. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the upper suture winged. — Trees, with broadly-cordate simple stipulate leaves, and reddish-purple clustered flowers appearing before the leaves. 1. C. Canadensis, L. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississipi, and northward. February and March. — Tree 15° -20° high. Flowers very numerous, from lateral buds. 43. CASSIA, L. Senna. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Petals 5, unequal. Stamens 5- 10. An- thers mostly of different forms, opening by two terminal pores. Legume many- seeded. Seeds often separated by cross partitions. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers yellow. * Stamens 10, unequal: part of the anthers abortive: sepals obtuse: stipules deciduous. 1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Annual, smoothish ; stem stout, branching ; leaf- lets about 10, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute ; petiole with a globular gland at the base; racemes 2-4-flowered, the upper ones crowded. — Waste places, com- mon. — Stem 1° -5° high. Legume linear, erect, compressed, slightly curved, 3' -4' long. 2. C. obtusifolia, L. Annual, roughish ; stem slender, leaflets 6, cune- ate-obovate, with a tooth-like gland between the lowest pair ; flowers by pairs ; legume narrow-linear, 4-angled, recurved. — Waste places, Florida to Nortlx Carolina, and westward Stem l°-4° high. Legume 6' -10' long. 3. C. Marilandica, L. Perennial, smoothish; leaflets 12-18, oblong, acute ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; racemes several-flowered, the upper ones crowded, forming a compact panicle ; legume linear, slightly curved. — Rich soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward August. — Stem 3° -4° high. Legume 3' -4' long. 4. C. angUStisiliqua, Lam.? Smooth or nearly so; stem branched; leaflets 6-10, oblong, mucronate, very oblique at the base, hairy at the base beneath, with a globular gland on the petiole or between the lowest pair of leaf- lets ; flowers in a terminal panicle, on slender pedicels ; sepals oblong-obovate ; petals yellow, veiny ; perfect anthers oblong, the larger ones curved ; legume (3' -4' long) broadly linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, many-seeded. — South Florida. Feb. — Leaflets 9" - 12" long. Legumes 4' wide. .5. C. biflora, L. Shrubby; leaflets 4-10, oblong, narrowed at the base, mucronate, with an obovoid gland between the lowest pair ; racemes 2 - 4-flow- cred, often by pairs, slender, shorter than the leaves ; fertile anthers 5 ; legume linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, smooth, many-seeded. — Key West. — Leaflets 1' long Legume 3' long, 2" wide. LEGUJIINOS^:. (rULSK FAMILY.) 115 * * S.'a»ic7}S 5 -\0 : anthers all perfect : sepals acute: stipules persistent, 6. C. Chamsecrista, L. Annual; stem smooth or rustj'-haiiy ; leaflets small, numerous, linear-oblong, mucronatc ; stipules acuminate, nerved ; flowers borne above the axils, large, clustered, on long pedicels ; anthers 1 ; style slen- der ; legume linear, nearly straight. — Dry barren soil, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July and August. — Stem 1°- H° high. Part of the petals often purple at the base. 7. C. nictitans, L. Annual ; pubescent ; leaflets numerous, oMong-linear ; stipules and bracts subulate ; flowers small, 2 - 3 in a cluster above tlie axils, on short pedicels ; petals unequal ; stamens 5, nearly equal. Var, aspera. ( C. aspera, £//.) Hirsute; stamens 7-9, very unequal ; ovary very hairy; flowers larger. — Dry old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 1° high, often prostrate. Leaflets about 40, sensi- tive, like those of the preceding species. 44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust. Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5, united at the base, spreading. Petals as many, or less by the union of the 2 lower ones. Stamens 3 - .5, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Legume stipitate, flat, 1 - many-seed- ed. Seeds compressed. — Thorny trees. Leaves abruptly I - 2-pinnate, with oblong serrate leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in short spikes. 1. G. triacautllOS, L. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong; thonis mostly com- pound; legume very long, many-seeded, pulpy within. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. — A large tree. Legume 1 2' - 1 8' long, 1' wide, twisted. 2. G. monosperma, Walt. Leaflets ovate or oblong ; thorns mostly simple ; legume short, obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy. — Deep river swamj)S, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. July. — A small tree. Legume 1' long. SuBORDEU III. MIinOSEiE. ]\IiMosA Family. 45. MIMOSA, L. Sensitive-Plant. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute, 4-5-toothed. Petals united into a 4-5-cleft tubular-campanulate corolla. Stamens 4- 1.5, distinct, much exsert- ed. Legume compressed, mostly jointed, 1 -many-seeded ; the broad valves separating at maturity from the persistent margins. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves bipinnate, sensitive. Flowers white or rose-color, capitate or spiked, on axillary peduncles. 1. M. Strigillosa, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous and rough with scattered appressed rigid hairs ; stem prostrate ; leaves long-petioled ; pinna; .5-6 pairs ; leaflets 10-14 pairs, oblong-linear; peduncles longer than the leaves; heads of flowers elliptical ; legume oval or oblong, 1 - 3-jointed, hispid. — Banks of rivers, East Florida, and westward. July and August. — Flowers rose-color. 116 LKGUMINOSiF.. (pulse FAMILY.) M. PUDICA, L., the common Sessitivk-Plant, is partially naturalized in some localities. 46. SCHRANKIA, WilUI. Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Sta- mens 8-10, distinct, exserted. Legume not jointed, prickly, 1-cellcd, many- seeded ; the narrow valves separating at maturity from the broad margins. — Perennial prostrate prickly herbs, with bipinnate sensitive leaves, and purple flowers in globose axillary peduncled heads. 1. S. uncinata, Willd. Stem, petioles, peduncles, and legumes thickly beset with short and thick recurved prickles ; pinnae 5-6 pairs ; leaflets 26 - 30, elliptical, reticulated with elevated A^eins beneath ; peduncles mostly solitary, usually shorter than the leaves ; legume oblong-linear, with a short acuminate point, about as long as the peduncle ; seeds elliptical. — ]^ry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. June -August. — Stem 2° -4° long. Legume 2' long. 2. S. angUStata, Torr. & Gray. Stem, &.c. armed with scattered weak recurved prickles ; pinnte 4-6 pairs ; leaflets about 30, linear-elliptical, veinless, or nearly so, on both sides ; peduncles single or by pairs, much shorter than tlie leaves; legume narrow-linear, 3 - 4 times as long as the peduncle, ending in a long subulate smoothish point. Var. ? brachycarpa. Stem, &c. as in No. 1 ; leaflets oblong-linear ; pedun- cles single or 2-4 in a cluster, the upper ones longer than the leaves; legumes (2' -3' long) broadly linear, abruptly slender-pointed, densely armed with strong often branching prickles, about as long as the peduncle. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June- August. — Stem 2° - 5° long. Legumes 4' -5' long. 47. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martins. Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4 - 5-toothcd. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 4 -5-cleft. Stamens 10 or more, long exserted, monadelphous near the base. Style filiform. Legume broadly linear, com- pressed, contorted or falcate, transversely partitioned, mealy or pulpy within. Seeds lenticular. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with stipular spines. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers chiefly capitate, axillary and terminal. 1. P. Unguis-Cati, Benth. Unarmed or spiny ; leaves bipinnate; leaf- lets 4, thin, broadly and obliquely obovate, the partial petioles much shorter than the common one ; heads globose, in a loo.se raceme ; calyx-teeth short, ciliate ; corolla yellowisli, smooth ; stamens crisped, twice as long as the corolla; ovary smooth. (Inga Unguis-Cati, Willd.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1 ' - 1^' long, light green. (Legmne spirally twisted, 5-6-seeded, white, and fleshy within. McFadjfen. ) 2. P. Guadalupense. Unarmed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 4, coria- ceous, obliiiuely ot)long or obovate, the common and partial petioles nearly equal ; peduncles solitary, axillary, longer than the leaves, or the upper ones racemose ; calyx and corolla pubescent ; stamens 30 or more, 3-4 times as long ROSACEA. (rose family.) 117 as the coroll.a; ovary pubescent; legume smooth, falcate or hooked. (Inga GuadaUipensis, Deso.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1' long, deep green. Legume 2' -4' long. Flowers yellowish. 48. DESMANTHUS, WiUd. Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 oblong-spatulate pet- als, or tubular and 5-cleft. Stamens 5 - 10. Filaments of the lower flowers filiform, sterile. Legume linear, continuous, 2-valved. — Hei-bs or shrubs, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, and heads or spikes of white flowers borne on axillary peduncles. Leaves sensitive. 1. D. depressus, Humb. & Bonpl. Stems slender, prostrate, sprinkled with hairs, shrubby at the base ; pinnte 2 pairs ; leaflets oblong-linear, veiy ob- tuse, oblique and almost truncate at the base, hairy on the margins ; peduncles 2-4-flowered, the two upper flowers (sometimes all) perfect; stamens 10 ; leg- ume linear, many-seeded ; seeds angular, compressed. — South Florida. — Stems 1° -2° long. Legume r-l|^' long. 2. D. diffusus, Willd. Stem somewhat shrubby, prostrate ; pinnae 4-5 pairs ; spikes few-flowered, capitate ; flowers pentandrous ; legume narrowly linear. — Key West. — Legume 2' long. 3. D. virgatUS, Willd. Stem erect, rather rigid, smoothish, angled ; pinnae 1 - 7-pairs ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear ; a rather large ovate gland below the lowest pinnae ; heads few-flowered ; stamens 10 ; legume straight, lin- ear, 10-30-seeded. (D. strictus, Bertol.) — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 49. NEPTUNIA, Lour. Sterile filaments flat, membranaceous or petal-like. Legume oblong, few- seeded ; otherwise like Desmanthus. 1. TS. luteE, Benth. Stems ascending, rough with short rigid hairs ; pinnae 4-5 pairs ; leaflets numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate, fringed on the margins, veiny beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, rough, minutely bracted ; heads oval or oblong, many-flowered, nodding ; petals distinct; sterile filaments 8-10, yellow, spatulate-linear ; fertile ones 10, white ; legume 5 - 8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast. Key West to Alabama, and westward. June. IJ. — Stems 2' -3' long. Order 48. ROSACEA. (Rose Family.) Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx of 3 - 8 (mostly 5) more or less united sepals, and often with as many bracts. Petals as many (rarely none), inserted with the few or numerous distinct stamens on the edge of the disk which lines the tube of the calyx, mostly imbricated in the bud. Ovaries 1 - several, free, or more or less united with the calyx and with each other, 1 - few- 118 ROSACEiE. (rose FAMILT.) ovuled. Seeds anatropous, and, with few exceptions, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Fruit various. Synopsis. Suborder I. CHRYSOBALANE^. Calyx bractless, free from the solitary ovary. Style single, arising from the base of the ovary. Ovules erect. Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. 1. CHRYSOBALANUS. Calyx-limb persistent. Stone grooved. Low shrubs. Suborder 11. AJVIYGDALE^. Calyx bractless, free from the sol- itary ovary. Style single, terminal. Ovules suspended. Fruit a drupe. Leaves simple. 2. PRUNUS. Calyx-limb deciduous. Stone even, or grooved on the margins. Suborder IU. ROSACEA. Calyx 3 - 5-cleft, the lobes often alter- nating with as many bracts, free from the 1 - several ovaries. Style lateral or terminal. Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle, or a 1-seeded ache- nium. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly lobed or compound. * Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle. 3. SPIR^A. Petals obovate or roundish, imbricated in the bud. 5. GILLENIA. Petals linear-lanceolate, convolute in the bud. * * Fruit a 1-seeded achenium. ■>- Fruiting calyx dry, the lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Achenia few, or numerous and collected into a head. ++ Calyx-tube contracted at the throat (except No. 4). Achenia 1-4. 4. NETIUSIA. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Calyx-lobes serrate. 6. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 5 - 15. Calyx btistly. 7. SANGUISORBA. Petals none. Stamens 4. Style terminal. 8. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. ^■^ *+ Calyx open, bracted. Stamens and dry achenia numerous, the latter rarely 2-4. = Seeds erect. 9. GEUM. Style persistent. Achenia numerous. 10. WALDSTEINIA. Style deciduous. Achenia 2-6. = = Seeds suspended or ascending. 11. POTENTILLA. Receptacle flat or convex, dry. 12. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and fleshy in fruit. ++ ++ 1H. Calyx open, bractless. Stamens and juicy achenia numerous. 13. RUBUS. Achenia crowded on the conical receptacle. H- -1- Calyx-tube fleshy, urn-shaped ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Achenia numerous, inserted on the receptacle which lines the inside of the calyx-tube. 14. ROSA. Achenia dry and hairy. Prickly shrubs. Suborder IV. POME.E. Calyx including and cohering with the 1-5 ovaries, very thick and fleshy in fruit. 15. CRAT.J;GUS. Fruit of 1 - 5 bony 1-seeded nutlets. 16. PYRUS. Fruit of 2 - 5 cartilaginous or membranaceous 2-seeded cells. 17. AMELANCUIEU. Fruit of 3 - 5 two-seeded cells ; seeds separated by a false partition. ROSACE.^.. (rose family.) 119 1. CHRYSOBALAinjS, L. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens about 20 ; the in- ner ones often shorter and sterile. Ovary with 2 collateral erect ovules ; the style arising from its base. Drupe 1-seeded ; the stone grooved. — Low unarmed shrubs. Leaves nearly sessile, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers small, in axillary or terminal paniculate cymes. 1. C. oblongifolius, Michx. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong, nar- rowed downward, mucronate, smooth on both sides, or hoaiy-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; cymes terminal, racemose, many-flowered ; calyx pubescent ; sta- mens and ovary smooth ; drupe ovoid. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, Ala- bama and Georgia. May. — Stems creeping, the flowering branches 6' - 12' high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Flowers greenish- white, mostly abortive. 2. C. Icaco, L. (Cocoa Plum.) Leaves short-petioled, round-obovate, mostly emarginate, smooth, coriaceous ; cymes axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; calyx pubescent and hoary ; stamens and ovary hairy ; drupe large roundish. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° - 6° high, the stem and branches rough- ened with small white tubercles. Leaves 2' long, 1|' wide. Drupe yellow, pur- ple, or black. 2. PRUNUS, L. Plum. Cherry. Calyx .5-clcft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 1.5-30. Ovary with 2 collateral suspended ovules. Style terminal. Drupe fleshy; the stone even. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers white. § 1. Prunus. (Plum) — Drupe glaucous: stone more or less compressed : leaves convolute in the bud : Jlowers in lateral clusters, appearing before tlie leaves : branches often spiny. 1. P. Americana, Marsh. Leaves thick, ovate or somewhat obovate, acu- minate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubescent beneath, sharply ser- rate, on glandular petioles ; drupe large, globose. (P. hiemalis, Ell.) — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long, smooth when old. Flowers very numerous. Plum reddish, ^'-1' in diameter, pleasantly acid, ripening in September. 2. P. umbellata, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at both ends, or the upper ones rounded at the base, finely and sharply serrate, smooth or soft-downy beneath; calyx-teeth emarginate, pubescent; drupe glo- bose ; stone slightly compressed. — Diy light soil, Florida and Alabama to South Carolina. February and March. — A shrub or small tree. Branches purple, shining. Leaves I'-l^' long. Plum rarely J' in diameter, dark-purplish or black, sour and bitter, ripening in August. 3. P. Chicasa, Michx. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, smooth, minutely and sharply serrate, with the teeth glandular and in- curved ; flowers short-peduncled ; calyx smooth ; drupe yellowish-red, globose. — Old fields, forming thickets. March. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 120 ROSACEA, (rose family.) lj'-2' long. Plum about ^' in diameter, thin-skinned and of an agreeable flavor. ^2. Cerasus. (Cherry.^ — Lh-upe not (jlaucous : stone r/Iobuhir or slight/// com- pressed: leaves folded in the hud, deciduous. — Spineless shrubs or trees. * Flowers clustered. 4. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Leavesthin,ovate-lanccolate, acuminate, finely and sharply sen-ate, green and smooth on both sides ; flowers several in a cluster, on long peduncles ; drupe globose, light red — Rocky Avoods, North Carolina, and northward. May. — A small tree. Fruit small and sour. * * Flowers in racemes terminating leafij branches. 5. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate- lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, sen-ate, with the teeth callous and ap- presscd ; racemes long, spreading; drupe globose, purplish-black. — Woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. April and May. — A tree 20° - 60° high. 6. P. Virginiana, L. Smooth throughout, or the lower surface of the leaves, branches, and racemes more or less pubescent ; leaves thin, oval, oblong or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly acute or acuminate ; racemes rather short and erect ; drupe red. (P. hirsuta. Ell. ?) — Light sandy soil, Geor- gia and northward. April. — Shrub 3° -9° high. Leaves 1'- 3' long. Drupe asti-ingent. § 3. LAUROCERAStrs. ( Cherry -Laurel ) — Drupe not r/lawons: stone (/lobular: Jlowers in racemes from the axils of evercjreen leaves. 7. P. Caroliniana, Ait. (Mock Orange.) Leaves coriaceous, smooth and glossy, ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, white ; drupe ovoid, soon dry, black. — Banks of rivers, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. February and March. — A small tree. 3. SPIIl.ffiA, L. Meadow-Sweet. Calvx .5-clcft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-50. Follicles 3- 12, I -10-seedod. Styles terminal. — Slirubs or jierenniul herbs, with simple or compound leaves. Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious. * Shrubs : Jlowers perfect. -1- Flowers cori/mbose. 1. S. opulifolia, L. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed, doubly crenatc-servaic, smooth ; corymbs umbellate, terminating the short branches, mostly pubescent ; follicle smooth, inflated, 2-4-seeded. — Var. ferruginea, Nutt. Leaves smaller (T long), slightly lobed, covered, like the branches, corvmbs, and follicles, with a dense brownish pubescence. — Banks of streams, Florida and Alabama (the variety) to the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April and May. — Shnib 3° -5° liigh, the old bark separating m L..ia layers. Flowers white. -1- H- Flowers panicle J. 2. S. tomentosa, L. Leaves simple, ovate or oblong, serrate, the lower surface, like the branches and dose panicle, covered with a dense, rubt-colored ROSACEA, (rose family.) 121 pubescence ; follicles 5, not inflated, tomentose, several-seeded. — Low grounds in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. June and July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers small, pale purple. 3. S. salicifolia, L. Smooth ; panicle dense-flowered ; leaves varying from lanceolate to oblong-obovate, sharply and doubly serrate ; follicles not in- flated, smooth, several-seeded. — With the preceding. June and July. — Stem 2° -5° high. Flowers white. * * Perennial herbs : leaves lohed or compound. 4. S. lobata, Murr. Flowers perfect, in long-peduncled paniculate cymes ; leaves coarse, pinnately lobed, the terminal lobe very large, i-eniform, 7 - 9-parted, with the divisions incisely toothed and serrate; stipules reniform, persistent; follicles 6-8, 1 - 2-seeded. — Swamps along the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, northward. June and July. — Stem smooth, 5° - 8° high. Up- per leaves 3-lobed and sessile ; the lowest ones on long petioles. Flov.ers rose- color. Petals and se{)als often in fours. 5. S. Aruneus, L. Flowers dioecious, in elongated filiform panicled racemes ; leaves thrice-pinnate ; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, sharply and doubly serrate ; stipules minute or wanting ; follicles 3 - .5, several-seeded, re- flexed. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem tall and slender. Flowers minute, white. 4. NEVIUSIA, Gray. Calyx bractless, spreading, 5-parted, with the lobes leaf-like, inciselj'' serrate and persistent. Corolla none. Stamens indefinite, inserted in several rows on the thin disk which lines the bottom of the calyx ; filaments filiform. Ovaries 2-4, sessile: style nearly terminal, filiform. Ovule single, pendulous, anatro- pous. Achenia drupaceous. Cotyledons oval, flat. Embryo included in thin fleshy albumen. Radicle superior, inflexed-accumbent. — A shrub, with alter- nate leaves, free bristle-awl-shaped stipules, and single or clustered terminal flowers on slender peduncles. 1 . N. Alabamensis, Gray. — Shady cliffs near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Reo. R. D. Nevius. — Shrub 2° - 5° high, with spreading branches. Leaves short-petioled, membranaceous, ovate or oblong, doubly serrate, l'-2^' long. Flowers very numerous and shov/y. 5. GILLENIA, Moench. Indian Physic. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, unequal, inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10 - 20. Fol- licles 5, included in the calyx, 2 - 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves thin, trifoliolate ; the leaflets sharply and doubly serrate. Flowers white or rose- color, in loose few-flowered corymbs. 1. G. trifoliata, Moench. Stipules small, subulate, entire; leaflets ob- long, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate ; lower peduncles elongated, flowers 11 122 ROSACEA, (rose family.) white. — Rich woods in the northern parts of Alabama, and northward. June. — Stem 2° -3° high. 2. G. Stipulacea, Nutt. Stipules leafv, ovate, sen-ate; leaflets lanceo- late, coarsely serrate, or the lowest incisely lobed ; flowers rose-color. — Moun- tains of Alabama, and northward. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 6. AGRIMONIA, Toum. Agrimony. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, and armed with hooked bristles. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15, inserted on the throat cf the calyx. Achenia 2, included in the grooved and indurated calyx-tube. — Perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, leafy toothed stipules, and small yellow flowers in long spiked racemes. Fruit nodding. 1. A. Eupatoria, L. Stem hairy; leaflets 3-7, with smaller ones below or intermixed, oblong-obovate, hairy, sometimes white-downy beneath, coarsely serrate ; petals twice the length of the calyx. — Dry open woods, Florida to Mis- sissippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. 2. A. parviflora, Ait. Stem and petioles hirsute ; leaflets 9-15, with smaller ones between, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, roughish above, pubescent beneath. — Low ground, chiefly in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Car- olina, and northward. August. — Flowers and fruit smaller than in No. 1. 3. A. incisa, Torr. & Gray. Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the leaves clothed with soft down and long hairs intermixed; leaflets 7-9, small (1' long), oblong or obovate, coarsely serrate, with smaller ones between; sta- mens 5. — Dry open woods, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia. August. — Stem 2° high. Flowers small. 7. SANGUISORBA, L. Calyx 4-parted, the tube 4-angled. Petals none. Stamens 4, the filaments usually thickened upward. Style terminal, slender. Stigma pencil-form. Achenia 1-2, included in the 4-winged indurated calyx-tube. — Herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in cl8se heads or spikes. 1. S. Canadensis, L. Smooth ; leaflets numerous, stalked, cordate- ovate or oblong, serrate ; spikes long-peduncled, cylindrical, elongated in fruit ; stamens flattened. — Wet meadows, along the Alleghany Mountains, Georgia, and northward. September. % — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest leaves on long petioles. Flowers white. 8. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn. Calyx 4 - 5-parted, and with as many alternate bracts ; the tube obconical, contracted at the throat. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. Stigma capitate. Achenia 1-4, included in the persistent calyx-tube. — Small herbs, with palraately divided leaves, and minute greenish flowers, in corymbs or clu8- ters. ROSACEA, (rose family.) 123 1. A. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy; stem (1'- 8' high) leafy; leaves 3- parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed ; flowers in axillary sessile clus- ters ; fertile stamens 1-2. — Waste places. North Carolina and Virginia. In- troduced. — Stem branching from the base. Leaves 4" - 6" long. 9. GEUM, L. AvENS. Calyx campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, and usually with as many bracts at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens and achenia numerous, the latter crov/ded on the conical or cylindrical dry receptacle. Styles terminal, long, persistent, jointed and hairy, or straight and smoothish. Seeds erect. — Perennial herbs, with pin- nately divided leaves. Flowers yellow, white, or purple. 1. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or downy ; stem slender, with spreading branches ; radical leaves pinnate, or the earliest ones nearly simple and rounded ; stem-leaves 3-parted, lobed or toothed ; petals white, as long as the calyx ; style jointed and bent near the middle, the smooth lower portion persistent and hooked ; receptacle and ovaries bristly-hairy. — Rich woods, Georgia and northward. April and May. — Stem 2° high. 2. G. geniexilatum, Michx. Hairy ; leaves pinnate, 3-parted or 3-lobed, the upper ones nearlj' sessile ; leaflets or lobes thin, ovate and obovate, toothed and serrate; style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper portion plumose and nearly persistent, the lower pubescent, or smooth above ; heads of the hairy achenia sessile. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers white, veiny. 3. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsute; stem short (6'- 12'), often branching; lowest leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet large, reniform, obscurely lobed, doubly tootiied, the lateral ones few and small ; stem-leaves scattered, small, sharply toothed, sessile ; flowers large ; petals obcordate, yellow ; style straight and wholly persistent, hairy at the base; heads of achenia sessile. — Highest mountains of North Carolina. July. — Flowers 1' wide. 10. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. Calyx obconical, 5-clcft, with as many alternate bracts. Petals .5. Stamens numerous, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenia 2-6, dry or some- what fleshy. Style terminal, filiform, separating from the achenium by a joint. Seeds erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical and roundish lobed leaves, and yellow flowers on scape-like stems. 1. "W. fragarioides, Tratt. Smooth or hairy; leaves long-petioled, tri- foliolate or 3-parted, with broadly cuneate and crenately toothed leaflets ; scape as long as the leaves, bracted, many-flowered ; achenia 4-6, minutely haiiy. — Mountain-woods, Georgia and northward. May and June. — Stem and leaves 4' - 6' high. Petals larger than the calyx. 2. "W. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Hairy ; leaves cordate, crenately 3 - 5-lobed ; scape filiform, bracted, 4 - 8-flowered ; achenia mostly 2, hoaiy ; petals rather 124 • ROSACEA, (rose family.) shorter than the calyx. (Dalibanla lobata, Baldw.) — Banks of the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers, in tlie middle districts of Georgia, not common. May and June. — Scape and leaves 4'- 8' high. 11. POTENTILLA, L. Cinquefoil. Calyx flat, 5-cleft, with as many bracts. Petals 5, obcordate or roundish. Stamens numerous. Style lateral or terminal, deciduous. Achcnia collected in a head on the dry and pubescent receptacle. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with variously divided leaves. Flowers solitary br cymose. * Style terminal, or nearly so. 1. P- Norvegica, L. Annual, hairy; stem erect, branched; leaves pal- mately 3-folioIate, the leaflets obovate-oblong or lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; flowers pale yellow, in leafy cymes ; petals shorter than the calyx. — Waste places. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. — Stem l°-2° high. 2. P. Canadensis, L. Perennial, hairy ; stem prostrate or ascending, simple; leaves palmately 5-foliolate; leaflets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate ; flowers axillary, solitary, on long filiform peduncles ; petals yellow, obcordate, as long as the calyx. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Meadows in the upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. July and August. — Stem l°-3° long. * * Style lateral. 3. P. tridentata, Ait. Stem somewhat shrubby at the base, erect or as- cending, pubescent ; leaves rigid, trifoliolate, cuneate-oblong, 3-toothed at the apex ; flowers white, in a terminal cyme. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 5' - 10' high. Achenia and receptacle very hairy. 12. FK.AGARIA, Toura. Strawberry. Flowers like Potentilla, but the dry achenia borne on the enlarged, at length pulpy and scarlet receptacle. Style lateral. — -Perennial herbs with creeping nmners. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. Flowers white, in terminal cymes. 1 . F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Hairy ; leaflets oblong, coarsely serrate ; scape fcw-flowcred ; fruit roundish, the achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted receptacle. — Rich woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. March and April. — Scapes 4' -6' high. 13. RUBUS, L. Brier. Br.^mble. Calyx concave or flattish, 5-parted, without bracts. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenia juicy, crowded on the conical or cylindrical re- ceptacle. Style nearly terminal, deciduous — Perennial or shrubby and mostly prickly plants, with lobed or compound petioled leaves, and wiiite or reddish flowers. * Heads of achenia hemispherical, deciduous : receptacle dry. 1. R. odoratUS, L. Shrubby, not prickly; the branches, petioles, and corymbs hispid with glandular hairs ; leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-lobed, or ROSACEA, (rose family.) 125 the lowest ones 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, toothed and serrate ; calyx- lobes caudate ; flowers large, rose-color; fruit reddish. — Kocky woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. June - August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Flowers 2' in diameter. 2. E., OCCidentalis, L. Glaucous ; stem prickly, but otherwise very smooth, bending ; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate ; leaflets thin, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate or sparingly toothed, white-downy beneath ; petals white, shorter than the reflexed short-caudate hoary calyx-lobes ; fruit black. — Borders of woods along the mountains, Georgia and northward. May. — Stem biennial, 5° - 8° long. * * Heads of achenia oval or oblong, persistent : receptacle juicy. 3. E.. villosus, Ait. Tall, shrubby; stem erect or bending, armed, like petioles and peduncles, with stout recurved prickles, the branches and 3 - 7-folio- late leaves soft-hairy or nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate or oblong, doubly ser- rate ; racemes leafy below, bracted above ; sepals acuminate, much sliorter than the obovate white petals ; fruit large, oblong, black. — Swampy thickets, common. April. — Stem 4° - 10° high. 4. R. CUneifoliuS, Pursh. Shrubby, armed with stout prickles ; stem erect ; branches and leaves tomentose ; leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets cune- ate-obovate, unequally serrate towards the summit, tomentose and white beneath ; racemes few-flowered ; petals white; fruit ovoid, black. — Old fields, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves and fruit smaller than in the preceding. 5. K,. trivialis, Michx. Shrubby, and arnied with stout straight or re- curved prickles and bristly hair.s ; stem prostrate, slender ; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate, partly persistent ; leaflets smooth, oblong-ovate or obovate, acute, sharply serrate ; racemes few-flowered, leafy below, mostly longer than the leaves; flowers large, white ; fruit black. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April. 6 B.. hispidus, L Somewhat shrubby, and armed with weak bristle-like prickles ; stem slender, prostrate ; leaves trifoliolate, persistent ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, smooth ; racemes many-flowered, slender, longer than the leaves ; flowers small, white ; fruit of few large and black achenia. (R. obo- valis, Michx.) — Cold sliady swamps among the mountains, Georgia and north- ward. May and June. — Fruit sour. 14. ROSA, Toura. Rose. Calyx .5-cleft, the urn-shaped tube becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5. Sta- mens numerous, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Ovaries numerous, hairy, inserted on the thin receptacle that lines the inner surface of the calyx-tube. Styles nearly included. Achenia bony. — Prickly shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate. Stipules united with the petioles. Flowers showy. * Styles cohering, exserted. 1. R. setigera, Michx. Stem long, reclining, smooth ; leaflets 3 -.5, ovate, acuminate or acute, senate, shining above : petioles, peduncles, and calyx glan- 11* 126 ROSACEA, (rose family.) dular; corymb few-flowered ; petals obcordate ; fruit globose, smooth. — Borders of swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem 10° -15° long. Flowers 2' - 3' wide, red. * * Styles distinct , included : Jlowers red or iL'hite. 2. R. Carolina, L. Stem erect, smooth, armed with stout recnr\'ed stipu- lar prickles ; leaflets 5-9, oblong or elliptical, acute, finely serrate, dull and smoothish above, the lower surface paler, or, like the prickly petioles and cau- date calyx-lobes, tomentose ; flowers single or corymbose ; calyx-tube and peduncles glandular-hispid. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. June. — Stem 4° - 6° high, commonly purplish. Fruit depressed-globose, glandular. 3. R, lucida, Ehrhart. Stem low, erect, armed with bristles and stout stipular prickles ; leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, sharply ser- rate, smooth and shining above, paler and often somewhat pubescent beneath ; flowers soHtary, or 2-3 together; peduncles and calyx glandular, the latter with foliaceous, often incised lobes. (R. par\'iflora. Ell.) — Florida to Mississippi, and northward, mostly in dry soil, common. May and June. — Stem l°-3° high. A variable species. Stem sometimes smooth. 4. E.. rubiginosa, L. (Eglantine.) Stem erect or curving, armed with very stout prickles ; leaflets 5-7, oval or obovate, serrate, glandular beneath; flowers mostly solitary, on hispid peduncles; fruit obovate. (R. suaveolens, Pursh.) — Waste places in the upper districts : introduced. Branches yellowish- green. Leaves fragrant. 5. R. laevigata, Michx. (Cherokee Rose ) Stem long, trailing, smooth, the branches armed with very stout and curved prickles ; leaves ever- green, mostly trifoliolate ; leaflets smooth and shining, lanceolate, the midrib his- pid ; stipules deciduous ; flowers large, solitary, white ; calyx very bristly. — Common in cultivation. 15. CRATJEGUS, L. Hawthorn. Calyx urn-shaped ; the limb 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, orbicular, concave. Stamens few or many. Styles 1-5, distinct. Frait fleshy, containing 1-5 bony nutlets. — Thorny shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, serrate or variously lobed. Flowers white, axillary and solitary, or in corymbs terminating short lateral branches. Stipules on the young branches linear, or lunate and ser- rate. * Corymbs compound, many-Jlowercd. -i- Fruit small, not Iwycr than a pea. I. C. spathulata, Michx. Young branches tomento.se, otherwise nearly smooth and glandless throughout ; leaves small, spatulate, crenate at the sum- mit ; those on the young shoots larger and incisely lobed ; calyx-lobes very short ; styles 5 ; fruit very small, red. — River-banks, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April. — A small tree. Corymbs sometimes slightly pubescent. Stipules lunate on the young branches. ROSACEA, (rose family.) 127 2. C. apiifolia, Michx Young branches, leaves, and corymbs whitened with soft hairs ; leaves small, deltoid, pinnately 5 - 7-lobed, sharply toothed, nearly smooth when old, truncate or cordate at the base ; styles 1-3, filiform ; fi-uit globular, red. — River swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. March and April. — A small tree. Leaves g'- 1' long. 3. C. COrdatSl, Ait. Young branches, leaves, and corymbs softly pubes- cent, soon smoothish ; leaves large, deltoid-ovate, truncate or cordate at the base, long-petioled, 3 -5-lobed and sen-ate ; spines slender ; fruit globose, red. — River-banks in the upper districts, Georgia, and northward. May and June. — A small tree. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Styles 5. 4. C. arborescens, Ell. Smooth ; leaves thin, oval or elliptical, acute at both ends, finely serrate, sometimes obscurely toothed near the apex, on slen- der nearly glandless petioles; corymbs very numeixjus ; styles .'5; fruit ovoid, red. — Banks of rivers, Georgia and Florida, west to Mississippi. March and April. — A small tree, with ash--5° high. Capsule 1^' long, slightly cui-ved. 2. J. grandiflora, Michx. Hairy; stem creeping at the base; leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers large ; calyx-lobes 5, half as long as the petals ; ovary (rarely maturing) rather shorter than the pedicel. — Marshes, South Carolina, and westward. May -August, y. — Stem 2° -3° long. Flowers 2' in diam- eter. Capsule cylindrical. 3 J. decurrens, DC. Smooth ; stem erect, branched, wing-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; calyx-lobes 4, nearly as long as the petals ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-angled, oblong-clavatc. (Ludwigia decun-ens, Ell ) — Ditches, &c., Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. ® — Stem 6' - 3° high. 5. LUDWIGIA, L. Seed-box. Calyx-tube 4-angled or cylindrical, mostly short, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals 4, roundish or obcordate, often wanting. Stamens 4. Style short. Stigma capitate. Capsule variously dehiscent, 4-celled, many-seeded. — Perennial and mostly stoloniferous marsh herbs, with entire leaves, and yellow flowers. * Capsule cubical, indchi scent, dischargirKj the seeds through a central pore of the convex disk : cali/x-lohes deciduous : petals large : stamens and style slender : leaves alternate : Jlowei's pedicelled. 1 . L. alternifolia, L. Smoothish ; stem much branched ; leaves lanceo- late, short-petioled, acute ; calyx-lobes spreading, about as long as the petals ; capsule large, wing-angled. (L. macrocarpa, Michx.) — Shady swamps, Florida ONAGRACEJE. (eVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 141 to Mississippi, and northward. August. — Stem 2° - 3" high. Flowers axillary, or the upper ones somewhat racemed. 2. L. virgata, Michx. Tomentose; stem slender, simple, or branching from the base; leaves obluse, sessile, the lowest oblong, the uppermost linear; flowers in elongated leafy racemes ; petals twice as long as the reflcxed calyx- lobes ; capsule strongly 4-angled. — Low pine ban-ens, sometimes in rather dry places, Florida to Nortli Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Varies considerably in pubescence, and size of the flowers and capsule. 3. L. hirtella, Raf. Hairy ; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched ; loaves short, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, sessile and rounded at the base; flow- ers axillary ; petals twice as long as tlie erect or spreading calyx-lobes ; capsule strongly angled. (L. pilosa, Ell.) — Flat pine barrens, Florida to Mississippi, and noitliward. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. * * Valves of the capsule separatinfj from the concave disk, and hreijidarhj from the persistent partitions and placenta : cali/x-lobes persistent : petals small or none ; sta- mens and style short : stems erect or ascending : leaves alternate : flowers sessile. -I- Petals conspicuous. 4. L. linearis, Walt. Smooth; stem (l°-3° high) virgately much branched ; leaves linear, acute ; flowers small ; capsule clavate-oblong, with 4 rounded angles, 2-3 times as long as the triangular-ovate calyx-lobes. — Ditch- es and ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. July -Sept. — Bark at the base of the stem spongy. •'>■ L. linifolia, Poh-. Smooth; stem low (6'- 12'), creeping at the base, branching; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, often obtuse; capsule linear-cylin- drical, rather longer than tlie lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Ditches and swamps in the low country, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. -I- -I- Petals minute or iranting. 6. L. cylindrica. Ell. Smooth ; stem angled above, often much branched ; leaves long, lanceolate, obscurely denticulate, acute, tapering into a petiole ; petals none ; capsules axillary, often clustered, cylindrical or obscurely 4-sided, many times longer than the small calyx-lobes. — Swamps, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. — Stem mostly bushy, 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. 7. L. pilosa, Walt. Tomentose ; stem stout, terete, much branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute ; flowers in dsnse terminal spikes ; petals mostly wanting ; capsule globose - 4-sided, about as long as the spreading caly.x- lobes. (L. mollis. Ell.) — Ditches and ponds near the coast, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, the branches spread- ing. Capsule whitish. 8. L. sphserocarpa, Ell. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; stem slender, angled above, short-branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers very small, axillaiy ; petals none ; capsule globose, pubescent, as long as the calyx- lobes. — Margins of ponds, Florida to Mississippi, and northward, not common. July -Sept.— Stem 2° -3° high. Capsule l"-2" long. 142 ONAGRACE^. (EVENING-PRIMKOSE FAMILY.) 9. L. capitata, Michx. Smooth ; stem mostly simple, slender, angled above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acute, sessile, the lowest ones broader and ob- tuse ; flowers in a compact oblong or ovate head, the lower ones sometimes scattered ; petals minute, mostly wanting ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, somewhat narrower at the base, longer than the calyx-lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 10. L. lanceolata. Ell.? Smooth; stem stout, terete, at length much branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile ; flowers very numerous, in all the axils, green ; petals none ; capsule cubical, with the sides flat and the angles mar- gined, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; seeds cylindrical. — Ponds and swamps in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small. 11. L. alata. Ell. Smooth; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched near the siimmit, strongly angled ; leaves cuneate-lanceolate, obscurely denticu- late ; flowers few, near the summit of the branches, white ; petals none ; capsule cubic-obconical, -with concave sides and winged angles, as long as the calyx- lobes ; seeds ovoid. — Brackish marshes, Florida to North Carolina, and west- ward. July and August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 12. L. microcarpa, Michx. Smooth; stem low, creeping at the base, 3-angled, mostly simple ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; petals none ; capsule mi- nute, cubic-obconical, shorter than the calyx-lobes. — Muddy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July and August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Cap- sule scarcely larger than a pin's head. * * * Stems creeping : leaves opposite. -1— Petals none. 13. L. palustris. Ell. Smooth ; stems diff"use ; leaves obovate, tapering into a long petiole ; capsule oblong or obconical, obscurely 4-sided, longer than the calvx-lobes. — Ditches and muddy places, common. June- Sept. — Stems 6' -12' long. 14. L. spathulata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves spatuhitc-obovatc ; capsule ovoid; otherwise like the preceding. — Mar- gins of pine-barren ponds. Middle Florida. July and August. 4- -1- Petals 4. 1.5. L. natans, Ell. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves obovate, acntish, ta- pering into a long petiole ; flowers short-pedicelled ; petals roundish, as long as the lobes of the calyx ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, narrowed at the base. — Marshes and margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. — Resembles No. 13, but is every way larger. 16. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, acute ; flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, 2-bracted at the base ; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals ; capsule cla- vatc, curved. — Muddy margins of ponds, &c,, Florida to North Caioliua. July. — Stems 4' - 8' long. ONAGRACE^. (EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY.) H3 6. CIBC^A, Tourn. Calyx-tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, the limb 2-cleft, deciduous. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Style filiform. Capsule obovate, 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded, bristly with hooked hairs. — Perennial herbs, with opposite petioled leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in loose terminal racemes. 1. C. Lutetiana, L. Minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate, acuminate, slight- ly toothed, usually longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; capsule hispid. — Damp shades along the mountains, Georgia and northward. July. — Stem I°-2° high, tumid at the joints. Fruit reflexed. Flowers reddish-white. 2. C. alpina, L. Smooth; stem low (3' -8'); leaves cordate, coarsely toothed, as long as the petioles; pedicels minutely bracted; capsule hairy. — With the preceding. 7. PROSERPINACA, L. Calyx-tube 3-sided, 3-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs with pinnately dissected leaves, and minute axillary greenish flowers. 1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the submerged ones pectinate. ^ Ponds and ditches, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June- August. — Stem 1°- 1^° long, ascending or floating. 2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions filiform ; fruit rugose. — With the preceding. — Stem 3'- 12' long. 8. MYBIOPHYLIiUM:, Vall. Watee-Milfoil. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-partcd in the sterile flowers, 4- toothed in the fertile ones. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Stigmas 4, recurved. Fruit bony, 4-celled, 4-lobed, indehiscent. — Aquatic perennial herbs, with the submerged leaves pinnately divided into filiform or capillary segments, and commonly whorled. Flowers minute in the axils of the upper leaves ; the uppermost sterile. * Stamens 8 : Jruit even or wary. 1. M. laxum, Shuttl. Stem long, slender; leaves 4 in a whorl; the floral ones reduced to minute nearly entire spatulate bracts, shorter tlian the flowers, which thus form an internipted almost naked spike ; fruit roughened with mi- nute warts, with the lobes obtuse. — Ponds and lakes, Middle and West Florida. — July. 2. M. verticillatum, L. Leaves in whorls of 3 - 4, the floral ones linear, pectinately toothed, much longer than the flowers; fruit smooth. — Still water, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° long, stouter than the last. * * Stamens 4 : fruit ridged and rowjhened. 3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem thick ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, the floral ones crowded, ovate or lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate ; the lower 144 CACTACE^. (cactus FAMILY.) ones pinnatifid ; fruit slightly roughened. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July. 4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem short (6'- 12') ; leaves4-5 in a whorl, the divisions few and capillary, the floral ones linear, pectinately toothed ; fruit strongly ridged and roughened. — Shallow ponds. South Carolina, and north- ward. June and July. Order 56. CACTACKiE. (Cactus Family.) Succulent, §hrubby, and commonly leafless and prickly plants, with globular, or co'umnar and anulpy sac. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albu- men. 1. PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-Flower. M.vy-Pop. Calyx-tube very short. Filaments of the crown in 2 or more rows. Fruit baccate — Tendrils axillary. Peduncles jointed, 1 -flowered. 1. P. incarnata, L. Leaves 'palmately 3-lobed, acute, serrate; petioles biglandular ; peduncles 3-bracted ; sepals with a horn-like point below the apex, whitish within ; filaments of the crown in about 5 rows, the two outer ones as long as the sepals ; berry large, oval. — In open or cultivated ground, common. June and July, y, — Fruit yellowish, as large as a hen's egg. Flowers purple and white. 2. P. lutea, L. Leaves cordate, broadly 3-lobed at the summit, with the lobes rounded and entire ; petioles glandless ; flowers small, greenish-yellow ; peduncles by pairs, bractless ; filaments of the crown in 3 rows, shorter than the sepals. — Woods and thickets, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June and July. y. — Fruit oval, purple, J' in diameter. 3. P. suberosa, L. Leaves smooth, slightly fringed on the margins, 5- nerved at the base, divided above the middle into 3 ovate entire acute lobes, the middle lobe largest ; petioles short, biglandular aliove the middle ; peduncles commonly by pairs ; flowers greenish . petals none ; filaments of the crown shorter than the sepals, purple at the base ; fruit purple. — South Florida. 148 CUCURBITACE^. (GOURD FAMILY.) 4. P. angUStifolia, Swartz. Lower leaves mostly S-lobed, with the lobes lanceolate, obtuse, and entire ; upper leaves simple, lanceolate, and acute ; peti- oles short, biglandular ; flowers small, solitary or by pairs, the peduncles short and bractless ; petals none — South Florida. — Stem 1 ° - 2° long. Leaves sometimes entire. Flowers 4"- 6" wide, yellowish. Berry purple, as large as a pea. Filaments of the crown in 2 rows. Stamens occasionally 4. Stipules subulate. 5. P. Warei, Nutt. Leaves on short biglandular petioles ; the lower ones 3-lobed, acute ; the upper ovate or oblong, undivided ; stipules subulate ; pedun- cles commonly by pairs, about the length of the petioles ; flowers very small ; segments of the crown few, filiform, shorter than the calyx. — South Florida. — Probably identical with P. paUida of the West Indies. Order G1. CUCURBITACEiE. (Gourd Familt.) Herbs, with succulent stems, climbing by means of lateral tendrils. Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed. Flowers axillary, monoe- cious or dioecious. — Calyx .5-toothed, adnate to the ovary. Corolla of 5 distinct, or more or less united petals, coherent with the calyx. Stamens 3-5, free or variously united. Anthers long, straight or tortuous, com- monly connate. Ovary 1 - 3-celled. Stigmas 3. Fruit (pejw) fleshy or pulpy, 1 - 3-celled. Seeds compressed, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons leafy. Synopsis. 1. BRYONIA. Tetals 5, distinct, or united at tlie base. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit 3-seeded, smooth. 2. MELOTHRIA. Petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit many-seeded, smooth. 3. SICYOS. Petals 5, united at the base into a rotate corolla. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1- seeded, hispid. 1. BRYONIA, L. Flowers raona-cious or dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct, or united at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous . anthers tortuous. Style mostly 3-cleft Fruit ovate or globose, smooth, few-seeded. 1. B. Boykinii, Ton-. & Gray Rough-pubescent; leaves broadly cor- date, 3 - 5-lobcd ; the lateral lobes entire or toothed, the middle one cuspidate ; sterile and fertile flowers intermixed, 3-5 in a cluster, short-pedicellcd ; styles united ; fruit 3-seeded ; the seeds 3 toothed at the base. — River-banks, Georgia, and westward. June and July. — Stems elongated. Flowers greenish-white. Berry crimson. 2. MELOTHRIA, L. Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Calyx of the fertile flower narrowed above the ovary ; the sterile ones campanulate. Petals 5, united into a campanu- . SURIANACK.E. (SURIANA FAMILY.) 149 late corolla. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous, connate, at length sep- arate Style single, with a cup-shaped disk surrounding its base. Stigmas 3. Fruit oval, smooth, many-seeded. 1. M. pendula, L. Stem filiform, smooth; leaves rougli, cordate, with 3-5 angular-toothed lobes ; sterile flowers in small racemes ; the fertile solitar}^ on long peduncles ; fruit oval, blackisii, drooping. — Light soil, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -August. — Flowers small, yellow. 3. SICYOS, L. Flowers monoecious. Calyx flattish, with 5 subulate or minute teeth. Petals 5, united below into a rotate corolla. Stamens .5, monadelphous or triadelphous. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style slender. Stigmas 3. Fruit membranaceous, bristly, 1-seeded. — Annual herbs. Sterile and fertile flowers mostly from the same axil. 1. S. angulatUS, L. Plant hairy and clammy ; leaves thin, cordate, with 3-5 acuminate denticulate lobes ; sterile flowers racemose ; the fertile ones in peduncled clusters, whitish. — River-banks, Florida, and northward. June - August. Order 62. SURIANACE^. (Suriana Family.) A downy shrub, with alternate crowded exstipulate leaves, and perfect yellow flowers, in small axillary bracted racemes. — Calyx .5-parted, per- sistent ; the base filled with a fleshy torus, which bears the ovaries, petals, and stamens. Petals i), oblong-obovate. Stamens 10, hairy, the alternate ones short and sterile. Ovaries 5, distinct, with 2 erect collateral ortho- tropous ovules in each. Stvles 5, each arising from the central angle of the ovary near the base, thickened upwards. Carpels 1-seeded, indehis- cent. Seeds without albumen. Embryo hooked. 1. SURIANA, Plum. Character same as the order. 1. S. maritima, L. — Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 4° -6° high. Leaves lincar-si)atulate, fleshy, imbricated near the summit of the branches. Racemes shorter than the leaves. Order 63. CRASSULACEiE. (Orpine Family.) Succulent herbs, with exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect and mostly cymose flowei's. Sepals 3 - 20, more or less united at the base, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted on the base of the caly.x, imbricated in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or twice as many, inserted 13* loO CRASSULACE^. (ORPINE FAMILY.) with the petals. Ovaries as many as the sepals, separate or united below. Carpels several-seeded, opening along the inner suture. Seeds anatropous. Embryo straight, in thin albumen. Synopsis. 1. SEDUM. Carpels distinct. Sepals 4-5. Stamens 8 or 10. 2 DIAMORPIIA. Carpels united at the base. Sepals 4. Stamens 8. 3. PENTHORUM. Carpels united above the middle. Sepals 5. Stamens 10- 1. SEDUM, L. Orpine. Stone-crop. Sepals 4 -.5. Stamens 8 or 10. Carpels distinct, miiny-scedcd, with an en- tire scale at the base of each. — Herbs smooth and fleshy. 1. S. telephioides, Michx. Stem stout, erect or ascending, very leafy througiiout ; leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, toothed or entire ; the lower ones mostly tapering into a petiole, the upper sessile ; cymes compact, erect, many- flowered; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 10; carpels acuminate, pointed with the slender style. — Dry rocks, along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 7'- 12' high. Leaves I'-l^' long. 2. S. ternatum, Michx. Stems low (3' - 8'), branching at the base, ascend- ing ; lowest leaves crowded, spatulatc or obovate, 3 in a whorl ; the upper ones scattered, oval or lanceolate ; cjmc composed of .3 rccun-ed branches ; stamens 8, those of the central flowers 10. — Mountain-rocks, Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. May and June. H. — Flowers white. 3. S. pulchellum, Michx. Stems ascending (4' - 12' long) : leaves very numerous, alternate, linear, obtuse ; cyme composed of several recurved or spreading branches ; flowers pale purple ; sepals much shorter than the petals ; stamens 8, tho.se of the central flowers mostly 10; carpels tapering into the long and slender style. — With the preceding. May and June. 4. S. Nevii, Gray. Stems low (3' -5'), ascending; leaves alternate, scat- tered, lincar-clavatc, obtuse ; flowers sessile, scattered along the widely spread- ing or recurved branches of the simple cyme ; bracts linear, longer than the flowers ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acutish, as long as the lanceolate white petals ; stamens 8, shorter than the petals ; anthers purplish-brown ; carpels tapering into the short subulate style — Rocky cliffs at Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Rev. R. D. Nevius. April and May. 2. DIAMORPHA, Nutt. Sepals 4, vciy short. Petals 4, oval, concave. Stamens 8. Carpels 4, united below the middle, at length spreading, 4-8-seeded. — A small (l'-4') succu- lent biennial herb, branching from the base. Leaves terete, fleshy. Flowers white. 1. D. pusilla, Nutt. — On flat rocks in the upper districts, Alabama to North Carolina. March and April. SAXIFRAGACE^IC. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 151 3. PENTHORUM, Gronov. Sepals 5. Petals 5, often wanting. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, united into a 5-cellc(l capsule, spreading at the summit, wiiich tails away at maturity. Seeds numerous. — Perennial (not fleshy) herbs, with alternate serrate leaves, and yellowish flowers on one side of the rcvolute branches of the simple cyme. 1. P. sedoides, L. Stem erect, l°-2° high; leaves lanceolate; petals commonly none. — Ditches and muddy places, common. July- Sept. Order 64. SAXIFRAGACE^. (Saxifrage P'amilt.) Calyx of -4-5 more or less united sepals, free, or more or less adherent to the ovary, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely wanting. Stamens as many, or 2 — 4 times as many, inserted with the petals on the calyx. Ovaries 2 or sometimes 3-4, commonly united below, and sepa- rate at the summit. Seeds few - many. Embrjo straight, iu the axis of fleshy albumen. Synopsis. SuBORUKU I. SAXIP'RACIE^E. Herbs. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stipules adnate to the petiole, or none. * Stamens as many as the sepals. 1. LEPUROPETALOX. Styles 3- Capsule 1-celled, beakless. 2. HEUCHEKA. Styles 2 Capsule 1-celled. 2-beaked. 3. BOYKINIA. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celIed, 2-l)eaked. » « Stamens twice as many as the sepals. •^ Capsule 2-celled. 4. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 10. Leaves entire or lobed. 5. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 10. Leaves ternately compound. ■I- -t- Capsule 1 celled. 6. TIARF.LLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5 entire. 7. MITELLA. Stamens 10 Petals 5 pinnatifid. 8. CHRYSOSPLENIUiM. Stamens 8 - 10- Petals none. Suborder IT. ESCALLONIE^E. Shrubs. Petals valvate in the bud. Stipules none. Leaves alternate. 9. ITEA. Stamens and petals 5- Flowers in a dense raceme. Suborder III. HYDRANGIEiE. Shrubs. Petals valvate or con- volute in the bud. Leaves opposite. Stipules none. 10. HYDRANGEA. Petals valvate. Stamens 8 - 10. Styles distinct. 11. DECUMARIA. Petals valvate Stamens 20 or more. Styles united 12. PHILADELPHUS. Petals convolute. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 4. Capsule 4-valved. 1. LEPUROPETALON, Ell. Calyx-tube turbinate, cohering with the lower portion of the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, minute, spatulate. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 3. Capsule globu- 152 SAXIFRAGACE^.. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) lar, 1 -celled, with 3 parietal placentae, many-seeded, loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. — A very small (|' liigh) tufted annual herb, with alternate spatulate leaves, and solitary terminal white flowers. 1. L. spathulatum, Ell. — Close damp soil, Georgia (near Savannah) and South Carolina. March and April. 2. HEUCHERA, L. Alumroot. Calvx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate Stamens .5. Styles 2. Capsule 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentaE-, manv-scedcd, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds rough or hispid. — Perennial herbs, with erect scape-like stems. Leaves chiefly radical, long-peti- oled, roundish cordate, lobed or toothed. Stiimles adnate to the petioles. Flow- ers cymose-panicled. * Calt/x eijnal-sided. 1. H. Americana, L Rough-pubescent; scape leafless ; leaves crenately or acutely 7 - 9-lobcd and toothed, the teeth mucronate ; panicles long, narrow, loosely-flowered ; calyx as long as the white sjjatulate petals, much shorter than the stamens and very slender styles. — Shady rocky places in the middle and upper districts, Mississippi to North Carolina, and northward. April and May. — Scape 2° - 3° high, sometimes with one or two leaves. Leaves 2' - 4' wide, on petioles 4' -12' long. 2. H. villosa, Michx Scape bracted or somewhat leafy, and, like the petioles and lower surface of the leaves, shaggy with long spreading rusty hairs ; leaves sharply 5 - 7-lobcd and toothed . panicle loose ; flowers minute ; petals white, very narrow, about as long as the stamens; styles elongated. (H. caules- ccns, Pursh ) — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. June and July. — Scape 1° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 8' wide. Flowers about a line in length. 3. H. Curtisii, Gray. Scape and petioles smooth ; leaves slightly lobed ; branches of tlic panicle long, racemose, spreading ; petals purple ^ spatulate- lanccolate, scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens sliglitly pubescent. (H caulcscens, /3, Torr.