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Santa Barbara Islands

T. S. Brandegee.

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d Ser., Vol. I, Part 2. Issued October 11,

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FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 201

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS.

BY T. S. BRANDEGEE.
I. ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF SANTA CRUZ ISLAND.

The following list contains the names of plants of Santa
Cruz not specifically mentioned in Prof. E. L. Greene's
Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Island
[M Santa Cruz, published in Bulletin No. II of the Proceed-
ings of the California Academy. A few species of Prof. E.
L. Greene's Catalogue having been collected late in the
season could not be determined specifically and are un-
doubtedly in the present list. The collection upon which
this list is based, was made between the twenty-sixth of
March and the first of May, at a time when the evanescent
annuals and early flowering perennials were in full bloom.
Most of the shrubs of the list are not common on the
island, and many of them were seen in but one locality or
in a single canon. The Quercus lohata was small, so that
Pojjidus Fremonti is the only tree to be added to the flora,
and only a half dozen specimens of it are growing in a
southwest canon. Continued search will add many species
to the flora of this island, and not until every canon has
been thoroughly explored, can a complete list of its plants
be given. I am very much indebted to Mr. Justinian Caire
for permission to visit the island, and for hospitality while
making the collection.

Berberis pinnata, Lagasca.

Delphinium Parryi. Gray, Bot. Gazette, XII, 50.

Erysimum asperum, DC. Not common.

Brassica campestris, L.

?D See. Vol. I. Issued October 11, 1888.

Ah

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Arabis aecuata, Gray.
Arabis perfoliata, Lam.

SiLENE CONOIDEA, L.

Determined by Dr. Sereno Watson, who says it has been
found in the southern part of the State. It grows in the
Santa Inez mountains, and is also found near Point Sur,
below Monterey. Probably introduced from Europe, al-
though it seems to inhabit the mountains, and not to be
found about fields and dwellings.

Arenaria Douglasii, Torr. & Gray.

Calandrinia. Breweri, Watson.

Calandrinia maritima, Nutt.

Sidalcea MALViEFLORA, Gray.

Malvastrum exile. Gray.

Decumbent, or in exposed situations, smaller and erect.

Erodium macrophyllum. Hook. & Am.

Geranium Carolinianum, L.

OxALis Wrightii, Gray.

This species c;espitose from a stout woody caudex, is
common about Santa Barbara and along the Coast Range
as far north as to San Francisco. The branches often root
at the nodes, especially in damp locations and more north-
ern habitats.

Astragalus nigrescens, Nutt.

HosACKiA grandiflora, Beiith.

LupiNUS coNCiNNUs, Agardh.

PlCKERINGIA MONTANA, Nutt.

\

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 203

Spirjea discolor, Pursh.

AlCHEMILLA ARVENSIS, St'Opoli.

Saxifraga reflexa, Hook.

Tellima Cymbalaria, Gray.

Eebes sanguineum, Pursh., var. malvaceum, Gray.

RiBES Menziesii, Pursb.

GoDETiA quadrivulnera, Spacli.

Peucedanum caruifolium, Torr. & Gray.

Galium Nuttallii, Gray.

Stylocline gnaphalioides, Nutt.

Madia dissitiflora, Torr. & Gray.

B.s;ria gracilis. Gray.

Matricaria discoidea, DC.

Senecio vulgaris, L.

Microseris Lindleyi, Gray.

MiCROSERis elegans, Greene.

Microseris anomala, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad., XXII, 475.

Malacothrix Coulteri, Gray.

The flowers are light yellow. With it a plant having the
same stout habit, large heads and general appearance, but
with narrower involucral bracts, pappus wholly deciduous
and receptacle naked, which seems to be a form of 31. inde-
cora and squalida, Greene.

Malacothrix Clevelandi, Gray.

Specularia biflora, Grav.

C3i

NEW vo;;K

BOTANICAL
CARDEN

204 CALIFORNIA iSCADEMY OF SCIENCES.

GiLiA Nevinii, Gray.

GiLIA ANDROSACEA, Steucl.
GiLIA DIANTHOIDES, Endl.

Nemophila aurita, Lindl.
Nemophila parviflora, Dougl
Phacelia viscid a, Torr.
Phacelia distans, Gray.
Plagiobothrys canescens, Benth.
Convolvulus pentapetaloides, L.

MiMULUS LATiFOLius, Gray.
Mimulus luteus, L.
Castilleia parviflora, Bong.
Aphyllon fasciculatum, Gray.
AUDIBERTIA nivea, Beiith.
AUDIBERTIA STACHYOIDES, Beiltll.

Scutellaria, tuberosa, Benth.

Salicornia ambigua, Michx.

PoPULUS Fremonti. var. Wislizeni, Watson.

Quercus lobata, Nee.

Allium hyalinum, Curran.
Common throughout the island.

Allium lacunosum, Watson.

These two specius of Allium were determined by Dr. Sere-
no Watson.

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 205

Calochortus ALBUS, Dougl.
Calochortus venustus, Benth.
BRODiiEA MINOR, Watson.
LuzuLA COMOSA, Meyer.
Carex globosa, Boot.
Phalaris intermedia, Bosc.
Trisetum barbatum, Steud.

KCELERIA CRISTATA, Pers.

Stipa setigera, Presl.
Stipa eminens, Cav.
Stipa yiridula, Trin,
Festuca tenella, Willd.
Festuca microstachya, Nutt.
Bromus Hookerianus, Thurb.
Bromus ciliatus, L.
PoA annua, L.

POA HOWELLII, V. & S.

Determined by Dr. Geo. Vasey.
Equisetum Telmateia, Elirh.
Gymnogramme triangularis, Kaulf.
Cheilanthes myriophylla, Desv.
Adiantum emarginatum, Hook.
Selaginella rupestris, Spring.

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

II. FLOKA OF SANTA ROSA ISLAND.

The collection of Santa Rosa plants herein enumerated
was made during the first ten days of June. The early
vegetation had already disappeared and the Island had as-
sumed the dry appearance common to western California
after the spring rains have passed. Only the eastern and
northern parts were visited, and doubtless an examination
of the whole island earlier in the season .\ ill add a large
number of species to its flora.

To the owner of the island — Mr. Alexander P. More, a
member of this Academy — for opportunity to make the col-
lection and for facilities given, I am very greatly obliged.

Clematis ligusticifolia, Nutt.

On Santa Cruz Island the flowers of some plants are per-
fect, and the vines become three inches in diameter.

Ranunculus Californicus, Benth.

Delphinum Parryi, Gray.

EscHSCHOLTZiA Californica, Cham. =E. glauca, Greene.

Eschscholtzias are very abundant on both Santa Rosa
and Santa Cruz Islands, and the plants not only difl'er in
habit, color of foliage and of flowers, but the same plant
sometimes undergoes an almost specific change in general
appearance. Tall, large plants on Santa Cruz Island, hav-
ing very glaucous foliage and graceful habit, by the end of
April had become stiff and branching, had assumed a red-
dish brown color throughout, and the flowers had changed
from light yellow to deep orange. The color of the plants
seems to depend somewhat upon the moisture of the soil,
as is shown by a gradation from the glaucous ones near the
bottom of canons to the red-brown ones of the dry sides.
On the loose soil of steep slopes the same plant seems to
persist as an annual and become E. peninsular is, Greene.

FLORA OF THE SANTA HARBAKA ISLANDS. 207

Some of the seaward slopes of Santa Rosa Island abound
with Eschscholtzias vaiying in color from red-brown to ex-
tremely glaucous. Tlie flowers are of all shades of color
between light yellow and deep orange, and vary much in
size.

Dendromecon mCriDUM, Benth. ^D. Har/ordii, Kellogg,
and D. ff exile, Greene.

This siirub on Santa Rosa varies from forms having oval
leaves with smooth margins to those having lanceolate leaves
with rough margins. Sheltered from the wind it becomes
D.Jiexile, Greene, but when exposed the leaves are smaller,
narrower and rougher.

Platystemon Californicus, Benth.

Cheiranthus asper, Cham. & Schlecht.
Seeds slighth^ winged. A form in situations sheltered
from the wind resembles Erysimum aspei-um in habit.

Erysimum insulare, Greene.

Sisymbrium reflexum, Nutt.

Lepidium lasiophyllum, Nutt.

Capsella divaeicata, Walp.

Isomeris arborea, Nutt.

Viola pedunculata, Torr. k Gray.

Helianthemum scoparium, Nutt.

Prostrate-spreading when growing in situations exposed
to the wind,

Frankenia grandifluka, Cliam. & Schlecht.

Silene laciniata, Cav. ^= S. simtdans, Greene.
Yerj common on both Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands.
Plants vary from a few inches to four feet in height.

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

SiLENE GaLLICA, L.

Sagina occidentalis, Watson.

Stellaria media, Smitb.

Lepigonum magrothecum, Fisch. & Meyer.

PENTACiENA RAMOSISSIMA, Hook.

Claytonia pereoliata, Donn.

A form of this species having linear leaves is not uncom-
mon on Santa Cruz Island. One specimen collected has
the flowers glomerate on the disk and several linear radical
leaves with one broadly deltoid.

SiDALCEA malv^flora, Gray.

Malva borealis, Wallm.

Erodium cicutarium, L'Her.

Ceanothus crassifolius, Torr.

Ceanothus arboreus, Greene.

Smaller than on Santa Cruz Island, and hardly more than
a bush in appearance. Leaves nearly entire and smooth.
An interesting form indicating its mainland representative.

Rhus diversiloba, Torr. & Gray.

Rhus integrifolta, Benth. & Hook.

Hosackia strigosa, Nutt.

HOSACKIA MARITIMA, Nutt.

Hosackia glabra, Torr. = Syrmatium dendroideum,
Greene.
Some of its forms are exactly the mainland plants.

YiciA Americana, Mlihl.

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 209

LupiNUS Chamissonis, Escli.

LupiNus MicKANTHus, Doiigl. = L. umhellatus, Greene.

The plants are slightly more spieate than those of Santa
Cniz Island, and the mainland plants are not ditierent from
those of both Islands.

Trifolium trident atum, Lindl.

Astragalus leucopsis, Torr. & Gray.

Astragalus Miguelensis, Greene.

Very abundant in some localities. It is probably a vari-
ety of A. leucopsis.

Melilotus parviflora, Desf.

Prunus ilicifolius, Walp., var. occidentalis (Lyon).
= P. occidentalis, Lyon.

On Santa Rosa Island it is confined to the bottom of the
canons, and is much larger and more tree-like than on Santa
Cruz Island On Santa Cruz it sends up several trunks^
from one root and resembles a big bush, but on Santa Rosa
a single trunk ascends sometimes fifteen feet before it be-
gins to branch. The leaves are generally more or less sin-
uate-dentate and sometimes entire. In the Santa Inez
Mountains, near Santa Barbara, the leaves sometimes have
entire margins and it becomes six inches in diameter and
attains a height of fifteen feet. A large specimen near San
Francisco has a diameter of more than two feet.

RuBUS URSiNus, Cham. & Schlecht.

Adenostoma fasciculatum, Hook. & Arn.
Spreading-prostrate in situations exposed to the wind.

Rosa Californica, Cham. & Schlecht.
Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roemer.

210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Lyonothamxus asplenifolius, Greene.

Not common. The trees are small and often distorted by
ilie wind. This species always forms small groves of a hun-
dred more or less trees. It sends up several trunks from
one crown, and the whole grove probably is connected un-
derground by its roots.

Heucheea pilosissima, Fisch. & Meyer. = R. maxima,
Oreene.

Not uncommon throughout Santa Cruz Island and very
abundant in the caiions of Santa Rosa. When growing
amongst bushes on Santa Cruz the flowering stems reach a
iieight of five feet. On sun-exposed rocks it is often not
more than six inches high.

Till^a minima, Miers.
Cotyledon lanceolata, Watson.
(Enothera bistorta, Nutt.

<Enothera dentata, Cav.

<Enothera cheiranthifolia, Horn.

Many forms, one of which is E. iiifkJa. Greene.

Zauschneria Californica, Presl.

Oodetia quadrivulnera, Spach.

Clarkia elegans, Dougl.

Mentzelia micrantha, Torr. k Gray.

EcHiNOCYSTis fabacea, Naudin.

The plants of both Santa Cruz and Siinta Rosa Islands
seem to be this species rather than E. vi'icrocarpa. They
jmature either four or eight large seeds.

Opuntia Engelmanni, 8alm., var. (?) littoralis, Engelm.

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 211

Mesembrl\nthemum CRYSTALLINUM, L.
Very abiindaut.

Daucus pusillus, Mx.

Peucedanum caruifolium, ToiT. tt Gray.

Sambucus glauca, Nutt.

Symphoricarpos mollis, Nutt.

LoNiCERA HISPIDULA, Dougl., var. VACILLAN6, Gray.

Galium Aparine, L.

G.\LIUM NuTTALLii, Gray. = G. Migaelense, Greeae.

Climbing high amongst bushes, or less luxuriant on rocky
hillsides, or depressed prostrate when exposed to the wind,
and then it becomes G. 3Ii(juelensp.. Berry shining white.

Galium angustieolium , Nutt.

Grindelia glutinosa, Dunal. = G. latifoUa, Kellogg.

Eeferred to this species by Dr. Gray. Small specimens
are the same as some from the mainland. The involucre is
more or less squarrose and the akeues are auriculate - bor-
dered. Pappus awns 2 — 3, and sparingly ciliolate-scabrous.
Very balsamic-viscid during anthesis.

Bigelovia veneta, Gray.

SOLIDAGO CaLIFORXICA, Nutt.

Corethrogyne filaginifglia, Nutt.

Diplostephium ganum, Gray. = Hamrdia cana, serrafa
and detonsa, Greene.

Leaves vary in outline from sharply serrate and crenate
to almost entire.

Erigeron foliosus, Nutt.

Eeigeron glaucus, Ker.

Y

212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Erigeron sanctarum, Watson, n. sp. in litt.
Santa Inez Mountains, near Santa Barbara and Santa
Rosa Island.

Aster foliaceus, Lindl.

Baccharis pilularis, DC.

Baccharis Douglasii, DC.

Stylocline gnaphalioides, Nutt.

Felagg Californica, Nutt.

Gnaphalium purpureum, L.

Gnaphalium decurrens, Ives, var. Californicum, Gray.

Gnaphalium Sprengelii, Hook. & Arn.

Leptosyne gigantea, Kellogg.

Madia sativa, Molina.

Hemizonia fasciculata, Torr. & Gray.

Hemizonia paniculata, Gray.

Layia platyglossa, Gray.

Venegasia carpesioides, DC.

B.aERiA gracilis, Gray.

B^RiA Palmeri, var. Clementina, Gray.

The specimens from Santa Rosa Island are more fleshy-
thickened and the bracts more strongly carinate than those
from Santa Cruz. Pappus of the disk flowers generally of
four, sometimes of as many as seven paleae; of the ray flow-
ers mostly two, often one and sometimes none, similar to
the pappus of B. gracilis from the Islands and Santa Bar-
bara.

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 213

Eriophyllum stjechadifolium, Lag.
CaENACTIS tenuifolia, Nutt.
Amblyopappus pusillus, Hook. Sc Arn.
Anthemis Cotula, L.
Achillea Millefolium, L.
Artemisla. Californica, Less.
Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt.

Cnicus occidentalis, Gray. = C. lilacinus, Greene.

This species on Santa Cruz Island has the involucral
bracts strongly incurved; on Santa Eosa, either straight or
strongly incurved ; in the Santa Inez Mountains, sometimes
strongly incurved, commonly slightly incurved and often
straight. The Santa Rosa Island plants having strongly in-
curved bracts to the first large flowers, often have straight
ones to the smaller heads that are produced later in the
season.

Centaurea Melitensis, L.

Perezia microcephala. Gray.

Stephanomeria virgata, Benth.

Annual, from six inches high upward; leaves more or
less resinous dotted; pappus white, fragile and easily sep-
arating from the akene; including S. tomentosa, Greene,
and probably S. elata, Nutt.

Stephanomeria exigua, Nutt.

Annual, pappus bristles more persistent, more or less
dilated at base and united into phalanges, and often with
setse intermixed.

MicROSERis linearifolia, Torr. & Gray.

Plants which w'oald be referred to M. macrochceta, Gray,

214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

were collected and are evidently a form of 31. linearifnlia.
Robust plants with strong fruiting heads of M. linearifolia
sometimes send up from near the base scapes bearing heads
with the pappus of M. macrocJiceta. The fruit of the J7. ma-
crochceta form seems always to be undeveloped.

MiCROSERis LiNDLEYi, Gray.

Malacothrix incana, Torr. & Gray.

Malacothrix saxatilis, Torr. & Gray.

Hieracium argutum, Nutt.

Troximon grandiflorum, Gray.

SONCHUS OLERACEUS, L.
SONCHUS ASPER, Fuchs.

Arctostaphylos tomentosa, Dougl.

Arctostaphylos pungens, HBK. =A. insularis, Greene.

Arctostaphylos diversifolia, Parry.

DoDECATHEON Hendersoni, Gray.

Erythr^a Douglasii, Gray.

GiLiA atractyloides, Steud.

Gilia androsacea, Steud.

Gilia Nevinii, Gray.

Ellisia chrsanthemifolia, Benth.

Phacelia distans, Benth. = P. scahrella, Greene.
Calyx lobes rarely incised. Leaves not as finely and
compouadly dissected as they are in the common forms.

Phacelia viscida, Torr.

Phacelia ramosissima, Dougl.

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 215

Krynitzkia leiocarpa, Fisch. & Meyer.
Amsinckia INTERMEDIA, Fisch. & Meyer.
Convolvulus macrostegius, Greene.

DiCHONDRA ARGENTEA, Willd. (?)

SoLANUM NIGRUM, L., var. DouGLASlI, Gray.
SoLANUM Xanti, var. Wallacei, Gray.
LiNARiA Canadensis, Dum.
Antirrhinum Nuttallianum, Beuth.
CoLLiNSiA BicoLOR, Benth.
Pentstemon cordieolius, Benth.

MiMULUS glutinosus, Wencll. — M. puniceus, Steud.,
D'qAaciis arachnoidens and parvi/loras, Greene.

Abundant on both Santa Crnz and Santa Rosa Islands:
very variable, with all the forms and colors running into
each other.

MiMULUS lute US, L.
MiMULUS NASUTUS, Greene.
Castilleia parviplora, Bong.

Castilleia hololeuca, Greene.

Answers to the description of C. foliolosa. Hook. & Arn.,
in the Synoptical Flora, but differs from the Santa Inez
forms in the character of its pubescence. Its calyx is near-
ly equally cleft and the bracts are usually red.

Orthocarpus purpurascens, Benth.

Aphyllon tuberosum, Gray.

Sphacele calycina, Benth. ^= S . fragram, Greene.

Salvia Columbarls;, Benth.

2d Ser Vol. I. (15) Issued October 11, 1888.

216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

AUDIBERTIA 8TACHYOIDE8, Bentll. var. REVOLUTA.

Margins of the leaves revolute, giving to the bush a pe-
culiar appearance.

Stachys bullata, Benth. — S. acuminata, Greene.

Plantago Patagonica, Jacq.

Eriogonum nudum, Dougl. = E. grande and ruhescens,
Greene.

The rose-colored variety is the form of Santa Rosa Isl-
and, and differs only in color from my Santa Cruz specimens,
and both agree with mainland forms.

Eriogonum arborescens, Greene.

RuMEX SALiciFOLius, Weinm.

Polygonum aviculare, L.

Chorizanthe staticoides, Benth.

Pterostegia drymarioides, Fisch. & Meyer.

Abronia umbellata, Lam.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L.

Chenopodium album, L.

Atriplex Californica, Moquin

Su^HDA Torreyana, "Watson.

Salicornia ambigua, Michx.

Parietaria debilis, Forst.

Salix l^vigata, Bebb.

PopuLUS trichocarpa, Torr.

QUERCUS dumosa, Nutt.

QUERCUS LOBATA, Nde.

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 217

QUERCUS TOMENTELLA, Engelni.

Common in canons on the east and north sides. Larger
than on Santa Cruz Island.

QUERCDS AGRIFOLIA, Licbm.

PiNUS INSIGNIS, Dough, var. BiNATA, Engelm.

PiNDS ToRREYANA, Parry.

The Forestry Report of the Tenth Census gives a station
near San Diego as the only certain habitat of this pine and
adds that it is doubtfully reported from Lower California
and one of the islands off Santa Barbara. About one hun-
dred trees are growing on the bluffs of the eastern shore.

Habenaria elegans, Bolander.
SiSYRiNCHiUM bellum, Watson.
Allium lacunosum, Watson.
Bloomeria adrea, Kellogg.

Brodi^a capitata, Benth. ^ B. insidaris, Greene.

Plants no different from the island forms and ecj^ually as
tall and broad leaved flourish in favorable situations of
the Santa Inez Mountains.

LiLiUM HuMBOLDTii, RfBzl. <fe Leicht.
Calochortus albus, Dougl.
Zygadenus Fremgnti, Torr.
Phyllospadix Torreyi, Watson.
Luzula comosa, Meyer.
JUNCUS bufgnius, L.
JUNCUS patens, Meyer.

JuNCUS Balticus, Dethard.
SciRPUS pungens, Vahl.

218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Carex Douglasii, Boott.

POLYPOGON MONSPELIENSIS, Desf.

Stipa setigera, Presl.

Agrostis verticillata, Vill.

Agrostis Scouleri, Trill.
Determined by Dr. George Vasey.

Kceleria cristata, Pers.

DiSTICHLIS SPICATA, L.

Bromus Hookerianus, Tliiirb.
Elymus condensatus, Presl.
Agropyrum repens, Beauv.

HORDEUM MURINUM, L.

Festuca microstaghys, Nutt.
Festuca Myurus, L.

POLYPODIUM CaLIFORNICUM, Kuulf.
PeLL^A ANDROMEDyEFOLIA, F4e.

Cheilanthes myriophylla, Desv.
Gymnogramme triangularis, Kault'.
Pteris aquilina, L.
Adiantum emarginatum, Hook.
AspiDiUM RiGiDUM, Swartz.

III. comparisons between the floras of SANTA CRUZ AND
SANTA ROSA ISLANDS AND THE SANTA INEZ MOUNTAINS.

Prof. E. L. Greene in his " Studies in the Botany of Cali-
fornia and parts Adjacent," published by the California

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 219

Academy of Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 7, brought to notice the
occurrence on the island of Santa Cruz of several trees,
either peculiar to the Califoruian insular flora or endemic
upon the island itself, and to add representatives of these
trees to the Jesup AVood Collection of New York, Prof.
C. S. Sargent asked me to go to the island and endeavor to
obtain them.

This opportunity to study the insular flora was gladly em-
braced, and six weeks were spent in making a botanical col-
lection from all parts of the island; then to add to my knowl-
edge obtained from Santa Cruz and to enjoy the pleasure of
exploring an island almost wholly unknown botanically, a
visit was made to the adjoining island of Santa Rosa. At
different times, collections of plants with especial reference
to the insular floras were made in the Santa Inez Mountains
representing the vegetation of the ocean slope of this coast
range within a dozen miles or more of Santa Barbara.

The general trend of the mainland coast from Santa Bar-
bara to Point Conception is westerly, and about twenty-five
miles to the south and nearly parallel to it, lie the islands
of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel. Santa Cruz,
the largest in area and most easterly, is long and narrow in
shape, rugged and mountainous in profile, with its surface
much broken by deep, rocky canons.

Santa Rosa, nearly as large as Santa Cruz, occupies a
central position, distant from the other two islands about
ten miles; is more nearly circular, or perhaps, rectangular
in outline, having a width of about twelve miles; the central
hills or peaks reach an altitude of about 1200 feet, not more
than half that of the Santa ('ruz mountains; its surface
slopes from the highest points to the shore, and is somewhat
broken by canons and gulches.

San Miguel, the most westerly, is a small island of low
elevation.

The situation and topography of the islands in connection
with the prevailing winds, determine the variety of their

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

flora and also somewhat the form and habit of the species.

The distorted trees, the prostrate spreading bushes and
the encroaching sand dunes show plainly that the wind
most affecting the vegetation comes from the north and
northwest.

Santa Cruz, on account of its easterly location, receives
more protection from the Santa Inez Mountains against the
north winds than Santa Rosa, and the high mountains of
the island itself aflbrd additional shelter to the plants and
trees of its valleys and cailons. Its large area, its sheltered
position and its physical characteristics account for the
large number of species growing upoii Santa Cruz Island.

San Miguel, the westerly member of this group of islands,
is almost wholly unprotected by the mainland coast, and re-
ceives the full force of the north Avest winds.

Santa Rosa, situated to the windward of Santa Cruz, and
consequently receiving less protection from the northern
coast, with its topography not so mountainous or so varied,
possesses a flora smaller in number of species, and as it
partakes somewhat of the conditions of both the adjoining
islands its flora is a mixture of that of those two islands;
the eastern side approaching nearly to the conditions of
Santa Cruz, its flora is mainly of species growing upon that
island, while the western side approaching San Miguel in
situation and physical characteristics resembles it in gen-
eral botanical features. The shrubby vegetation and trees
of Santa Rosa, are nearly all confined to the sheltered hill-
sides and canons of the eastern portion of the island.

Many of the plants of the islands vary in their form and
habit more or less from those of the same species growing
upon the neighboring mainland, and those of one island of-
ten differ much from those of another, and even upon the
same island some species present a width of variation, tlie
extreme limits of which appear distinct. The species of
Santa Rosa, as would be expected from the conditions of
their existence, vary not only from those of the mainland

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 221

and Santa Cruz but even extremely upon the island itself.
These local variations upon the islands are caused mainly
by more or less exposure to the strong and almost incessant
northerly winds. A fine example of this class of variation
is afforded by the Dendvomecon of Santa Rosa, which, ac-
cording to its location, assumes the mainland form with
narrow, rough-edged, or the insular form of Santa Cruz,
with broad, smooth-margined leaves.

The variation of a plant of one island from its form upon
another island is always interesting, often puzzling, and
from the lack of connecting forms is, in many instances,
considered specific. The two species of the insular genus
Lyonothamnus , one from the island of Santa Catalina, and
the other from Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa, are so closely
related, that, as far as known, their specific distinctness
rests only upon the form of the leaf, and the closeness of
their relationship is still further strengthened by the fern-
like divisions of L. asplenifolius appearing upon many of
the leaves of L. florihundus.

The two species of Lyonothainims will probably be con-
sidered distinct, and the great extent of water separating
the islands renders the existence of connecting forms doubt-
ful.

But Ceanothus arhoreus of Santa Cruz and its representa-
tive upon Santa Rosa, are examples of different forms of dif-
ferent islands that can hardly be considered specifically
distinct, although the specimens are apparently as much
so as those of many received species of this senus.

Between these examples of extreme variation and the
larger number of plants which retain upon the different
islands a similar form, numerous instances of more or less
deviation might be given.

Insular variation, or the variation of the island species
from their mainland representatives, is more complicated,
but seems mainly either to be the result of an insular cli-
mate or a separation of their respective habitats for a long

222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

interval of time, and sometimes of a combination of both
causes.

The intervening miles of restless ocean rendering the ex-
istence of connecting forms between a species of the main-
land and its insnlar form improbable, tends to give recog-
nized specific rank to forms which on the mainland would
hardly be considered good varieties and accounts for many
of the so called endemic species of islands.

The direct effects of an insular climate upon vegetation,
with least intervention from other forces, are best shown
upon Santa Cruz and in the protected canons of Santa
Rosa.

No general rule will apply to all plants, but different
species and genera seem to be variously influenced by the
climatic conditions.

As by far the larger part of the island flora is composed
of the maritime and Coast Range plants, species that delight
in ocean breezes, spray and fogs, it is not surprising
that many of them, in the midst of such conditions,
should often become ver}'^ luxuriant. Of course differ-
ence of size is not a specific difference, but often this
insular luxuriance obscures the close relationship, which,
on that account, is sometimes best shown by insular de-
pauperate specimens, as in the case of Brodkea capitaia, the
Santa Rosa Grindelia, and other species.

An interesting fact in connection with insular variation,
and one that is not easily accounted for, is the tendency
that mainland shrubs and bushes show on the islands not
to develop their lower limbs and branches and therefore
become tree-like. The most conspicuous examples of these
tree-like bushes are Prunus ilicifolius, Cercocarpus, Bhns,
Rhamnus, Ceanothus.

An insular form is not always a more luxuriant, but
sometimes is what may be considered a degenerate form: a
good illustration of this sort of variation is afforded by

FLOIIA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 223

Malacothrix Coidteri, which is, however, not a Coast Range
plant. This plant, on the eastern end of Santa Craz Isl-
and, is found in its mainland form, and growing with it
plants varying toward M. insidavis, which, in exposed
situations, might easily become M. squalida or indecora.

A species which can flourish in the Sierra Nevada moun-
tains, withstaiul the extreme summer heat of the cen-
tral valleys, and also grow amongst the fogs of the Coast
Range and adjacent islands, must reflect somewhat in its
characters the very diverse conditions under which it ex-
ists. The extreme differences of climate that are found
within a few miles distance make the flora of California a
flora of variable species, a flora that should be studied in
the field or with abundant material from many localities.
The division of the year into wet and dry seasons in-
duces a form of variation which it may be not out
of place to notice, especially as it has some connection with
insular plants; it is that many perennial species undoubt-
edly also persist as annuals if they are able to mature their
seed before the summer's drought kills them. This pecu-
liarity is alluded to by Dr. Engelman in the Botanical Ga-
zette, Yol. YI, 235, with reference to Eschscliolizia.

The great extent of coast line of the islands, Santa Cruz
having over fifty miles and Santa Rosa more than forty,
compared with their area, affords a large habitat for a
maritime flora, and plants most abundant in the vicinity
of salt water, form a large proportion of the insular flora.
This is more noticeable on the sloping hills of Santa Rosa
than on the bold and rocky shores of Santa Cruz, and ac-
counts for the seemingly great preponderance of such sea-
shore plants as EschschoUzia, Cotyledon, Abronia, 3Ieseiuhri-
anthemum, and others.

The insular floras should be compared with those of the
neighboring shore and coast range rather than with that of

2d Seb. Vol.1. (le) Issued October 11, 1888.

224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

California in general, and then the absence of certain genera
and species does not appear so remarkable.

The summit of the coast range seems to be a barrier that
limits the habitat of many species, but there are a few from
the interior not found in the Coast Kauge flora that unex-
pectedly reappear upon the islands.

The known flora of Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands
now numbers close upon four hundred species, that of Santa
Cruz amounting to three hundred and eighty, and that of
Santa Rosa to nearly two hundred species, with only twenty
fotind upon Santa Rosa that have not been reported from
Santa Cruz.

If the insular endemic flora of these islands is supposed
to number twenty species, some doubtful ones must be in-
cluded; nine of these twenty endemie species inhabit also
Santa Catalina and Guadalupe Islands, leaving eleven or
less, peculiar to Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel.

Of the remaining three hundred and eighty species, over
three hundred and fifty-five grow about Santa Barbara and
in the adjoining Santa Inez mountains, leaving twenty-five
species still to be accounted for, which, with the present
knowledge of their distribution may be considered as be-
longing to the San Diego flora, or in a few instances, to the
plants of the interior region.

The following notes and observations concerning main-
land and insular plants having, perhaps, sufficient value to
be worthy of publication, are here appended :

Delphinium Parkyi, Gray. Bot. Gazette, XII, 50.
This seems to be the most common species of the Santa
Inez mountains, and is abundant upon the islands.

Platystigma Califoenicum, Benth. & Hook. =P. deutl-
culatum, Greene.

FLORA OF THE SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. 225

The island specimens are more denticulate than the more
or less denticulate forms of the mainland.

Thysanocarpus l.\ciniatus, Nutt. =T. ramosus, Greene.

Calaxdrinl\ Breweri, Watson.

Appears to be more abundant upon Santa Cruz Island
than on the mainland.

Ehamnus crocea, Nutt. — S. insularis, Kellogg.

The large leaved island Rhammis is abundant in the Santa
Inez mountains at the higher elevations, but is always a
bush less than six feet in height. A smaller leaved form
grows at lower elevations.

This species in some localities of the more northern por-
tions of the State, Avith the habit of a bush, becomes as tall
as ui)ou Santa Cruz, where it is a fine example of a main-
land bush becoming an insular tree.

Rhus ovata, Watson.

All the species of Rhus are larger and more tree-like uj)on
the island than on the mainland, even B. diversiloha almost
becomes a small tree. In some of the southwest canons of
Santa Cruz near the sea, R. ovata, with a single trunk and
compact rounded head, resembled in appearance small ap-
ple trees, and in full bloom presented a fine appearance,
very difi'erent from the bush of the summits of the mainland
mountains. It is one of the very first to start forth anew
from its roots after all vegetation has apparently been killed
by fire.

Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt. — C. hetulcefolms , Nutt.
A mainland shrub that often is an insular tree.

Galium Oalifornicum, Hook. & Arn. =G. fiaccidum,
Greene.

As noted in the Flora of California this species often has
a pubescent ovary, and the pubescence sometimes persists
npon the mature white fruit.

226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

AUDIBERTIA STACHIOIDES, Benth.

Common about Santa Barbara and on Santa Cruz Island.
The Santa Barbara specimens, perhaps, collected from a
single bush are pistillate, with no trace of stamens.

Calochoktus albus, Dougl.

Is white flowered upon the mainland, and light-purple
flowered upon Santa Cruz.

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